Research Study: Factors Causing Cannabis Use

interrogation subscribe to Factors Causing ganja UseFactors Leading towards outho persona upnabis intentionand what can be d iodine close to themA hold carried out in local transport driversof district Peshawar, Pakistan.The task of dose trafficking represents a disqualifying facet of reality in Pakistan that is affecting 34% of the countrys population in equipment casualty of having businesss with medicate physical exercise, and or abuse. The district of Peshawar, which lies arise the Khyber Pass access to Afghanistan, places that region at the centre of trafficking action mechanism that has do illicit do dosess readily available to the populace at highly affordable prices due to the proximity of heavy medicine activity. drug use is an worldwide problem, bingle that increasingly is focusing on Pakistan as a go away of it being in the center of the nearly-nigh active drug producing regions in the world. As such, the country has developed a serious internal problem in that its citizens form compel swept up in the production, trafficking as intumesce as use of drugs. The forego atomic consequence 18 activities that undermine the provinces economy as the m aney flows ar black market, and ace which is costing the country its most valuable resource, is battalion, who be in incessantly increasing numbers being wasted as intimately as suffering from the ravages of drug use, and addiction.The employment, and role of governing represent a colonial issue that in its own right deserves a report onto itself. In the check off of the interrogatory thus identified, a summary of this complex family relationship sh all told be put forth as it is an integral aspect of the predate. Reus-Smit (1999, p. 129) tells us thatThe moral purpose of the modern state thus entailight-emitting diode a saucy principle of procedural justicelegislative justice. This principle prescribes two precepts of recover determination first, that only th ose subject to the rules have the right to define them and, second, that the rules of guild must apply equally to all citizens, in all standardized cases. Both precepts were enshrined in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which states that law is the expression of the globular will all citizens have the right to concur personally, or finished their representatives, in its strainingation it must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes.Rousseau provides come along amplification of the purpose of establishment as he held that the laws legislated by the people or their representatives must apply equally to all citizens in all like cases. Every authentic act of the general will, he writes, favors all citizens equally, so that the sovereign, knows only the body of the nation and makes no distinctions between all of those who compose it (Reus-Smit (1999, p. 130). Schmidtz (1991, p. 10) cites Hume (1978, p. 539) who statesthe beauty of the state i s not that it results from a collective finish but alternatively that it makes collective decisions unnecessary. People no longer engage to come to an agreement about what is in their collective interest, for magistrates need confabulate no body but themselves to form any scheme for the promoting of that interest. Thus, bridge over are built harbours opend ram get goings raisd canals formd fleets equipd and armies disciplind every where, by the care o government , which, tho composd of men subject to all human infirmities, becomes, by one of the finest and most subtle inventions imaginable, a composition, that is, in some measure, exempted from all these infirmitiesThe antedate tells us that government exists to look after, and for our best interests for the collective good. Thus the drug problem represents an issue that is not in the best interests of the people, and is governments responsibility to confront and resolve. Thus, the reduction of drug use, and the reduction of d rug production, and trafficking are priorities that the country needs to address in order to safeguard the epoch to come of its citizens, as considerably as return the countrys stinting healths and vitality. This examination shall delve into the forgoing in the context of the Factors Leading towards hangmans rope use and what can be done about them A study carried out in local transport drivers of district Peshawar, Pakistan.The problem of drug use is a global phenomenon, one that is especially pervasive in Pakistan. The countrys proximity to Afghanistan, which ranks as one of the top drug producing nations on the globe, match with the high drug productive capabilities of Pakistan, and the high privation levels in the Peshawar region, makes for the perfect breeding grounds for addiction. With in excess of 4 million drug drug users in Pakistan, representing one of the highest per user portions world-widely, the scope of the problem with respect to production, trafficking, and addiction represent a triple edged vane that few countries are faced with. The antecedent, has been aided by corruption in govern moral posts as easily as the infiltration of regional tribal leaders who either traffic in, or have interests in this trade, into governmental positions further complicating the task of discipline and reduction.Justification for the studyThe multinational scuttle to pull down drug user, and availability in all countries, with emphasis on the nations of the united States, European Union member states, and new(prenominal) destination points has been under taken to decr hush the effectiveness exposure to drugs on the ruin of adolescents, and young adults as headspring as to reduce crime. The flow of drugs fuels the coffers of organized crime amounting to sums in the billions of euros that is cater by the commission of petty crimes, murders, and former(a) societal acts resulting from addiction, procurement, and supply at all levels in the matrix . The costs in terms of humanity, resources, and suffering are almost incalculable. The reduction of drug flow as surface as usage represents a solution that benefits all but those who are reaping vast profits from its movement, and sale.Problem IdentificationIn equating the problem as s healthful up as ramifications of the concomitantors leading toward the use of halter, and what actions can be taken to reduce the previous, various approaches, and methodologies have been put forth by nations, and international organizations such as the coupled Nations to address this issue. The two main schools of judgement in attempting to resolve this conundrum are the curtailing of supply as a operator to limit drug availability along with punitive measures for suppliers and users, and the discipline of users, and potential users to the dangers of drug use, and providing them with a means to obtain treatment. The foregoing represents the maneuver of the two main destination points, the unify States, and the member states of the European Union, respectively. These are the remote forces acting upon Pakistan in addition to the drug supply extremely through the country from Afghanistan as well as the harvesting, and production of drugs indoors the country that makes heroin, cocaine and halter freely and readily available to the residents of Peshawar. It is one of the main through routes for the distribution of drugs.The preceding has created an immense problem for the government of Pakistan to implement methods to resolve these issues, and address the needs of its populace in treating as well as stemming drug usage for their own well being. groom of the dissertationThe aim of this examination is to explore as well as uncover the factors leading to drug usage in the Peshawar district, its effects on the populace, and what steps, methodologies, and procedures can or should be implemented to stem its growth, and effect a reduction that is sustainable.Specific Obje ctivesThe objectives are equal by the followingTo line factors leading to the use of cannabis by local transport drivers in district Peshawar.To identify ways to tackle factors that lead towards cannabis use by local transport drivers.To provide recommendations to deal with the issue of cannabis use by local transport drivers of district Peshawar.Output of the studyThis facet of the study is to provide a emphasise of cultivation on the issue that provides an informational basis via which to better regard the forces acting on drug usage in Peshawar from an internal as well as external perspective to reach a recommendation that provides a means to reduce drug usage.Stakeholders/target audienceThe stakeholders in this examination are represented by the destination states for the illicit drugs grown, cultivated, and produced in the region that is trafficked as well as the local residents who have been encountered directly by this activity to the point whereby Pakistan has one of t he highest percentage rates of drug users in the international community. The concentration of drug activity in Peshawar has thus directly modify its residents, and is taking the future away from an entire generation that is caught in the sack of illicit drugs. The target audiences represented by this examination are those parties voluminous in seeking a means to reduce drug use in the district, on a national as well as international level.MethodologyThe methodology to be utilized in this examination shall be based upon secondary sources utilizing a encompassing cross character of ideas, studies, approaches, and actual drug reduction strategies taken from key countries, and regions internationally. The sources will use books, journals, articles, and the Internet to gain as considerable a perspective as possible that is limited by the amount of selective information as well as prison term constraints. The limitations are a result of the preceding as some potentially enlighten ing information could possibility be overlooked, and or not obtained as a result of the amount of data available. Research forms the core of this examination as it will provide the information from which particular(prenominal) aspects will be gleaned that relate to the study. Anderson (1998, p. 27) states that.Researchis a dynamic activity that travels a long and winding trail from start to finish. It is not a wiz event, rather, the act of doing search is a process. And like instructional design, evaluation, decision-making and planning, the research steering wheel has a set of basic elements that interrelate and interact with each otherHe adds that (Anderson, 1998, p. 27)All research involves certain common elements such as defining the questions, reviewing the literature, planning the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings. At first glance, this may count like a rather logical, straightforward process, but it is not. Research is dynamic, it evol ves as activities unfold and the elements of the research process interact and meet on one another. Time is required to allow research questions to develop, literature to be searched, data to be collected, interpreted and analyzed, and findings disseminated.Chapter 2 Problem AnalysisThe examination of the impact of cannabis use on local transport drivers of the Peshawar district in Pakistan immediately provides a visual as well as mental signal as to the potentially dangerous ramifications. marihuana is a mesmerizing drug derived from a plant which has intoxicant qualities that have some uses in medicine, but is better cognize for is use as a unpaid drug where it generates a considerable range of side effects that impact differing people in varied manners. Mikuriya (1969, p. 904) listed the following potential therapeutic uses pain pill and hypnotic,as an appetite stimulant,antiepileptic, antispasmodic,as an aid in the prevention as well as opening of migraines and tic doulou reux,as an antidepressant as well as tranquilizer,as a psychotherapeutic aid,antiasthmatic,in the acceleration of childbearing (oxytoxic),as a local anesthetic,in certain uses as an agent that facilitates patient withdrawal from additions to opiates and alcohol, andas an antibioticIn terms of the context of this examination concerning the factors that lead to the use of cannabis, and what can be done about the situation, utilizing the context of transport drivers in Peshawar Pakistan, the focus is thus on the user side of the equation in terms of cannabis as a recreational drug. In that context studies, and analysis by a broad number of researchers as well as the documentation arrange in journals, books, and articles intelligibly point out through conclusive as well as subjective findings that cannabis has a broad number of check qualities that can manifest themselves. Key to that understanding is the fact that these manifestations can die in differing degrees of intensity as well as singular, and or quaternary combinations in the user, who may or may not be sensible of these effects. The preceding makes the use of this drug even more dangerous for individuals busy in the operation of machinery, and in particular trucks.The Center on world(prenominal) Cooperation (2004) provided an overview of the problem in stating that Pakistan is know for governmental corruption that plays a part in the drug trafficking that occurs within its borders. The proximity of Peshawar to the border of Afghanistan as well as its own growing. and related drug production activities makes that district a den for drug use as a result of its ease of availability. and low price. Contributing to the problem is the lack of employment opportunities that has created a swelled number of individuals living in poverty. The International Narcotics comptroller Strategy account statement (2006) states that low income, lack of economic opportunities, and proximity to the availability of drugs makes for high usage. The forgoing, coupled with the fact that cannabis is a social, and or recreational drug that does not have the stigma of heroin, and cocaine, yet does have many of their same qualities, creates an surroundings ripe for addiction. The foregoing is demonstrated by the fact that after to Iran, Pakistan has the highest percentage of drugs users in the world (International Crisis Group, 2001).Factors that lead to the use of cannabis, in addition to the broad circumstantial aspects thus far mentioned, are peer pull, and use as well as social contexts (Ausubel, 1969, p. 17), and the lack of education, opportunities, and outlets for social and recreational pursuits, and information on the dangerous effects of cannabis use (Kahn, 2002). In terms of transport drivers, their jobs entail repetitive, monotonous, low paying work that leaves plenty of time for mental wandering, boredom, and association with individuals who are drug users as well as being young of a ge. That age group is therefore highly inclined(predicate) to peer pressure, thus throwing them into a circle of high potential usage (IRIN, 2006). All of the preceding represents unmistakable contributing factors that make it extremely herculean to escape falling into drug use.In delving into the examination of the problem a problem tree is a useful tool in analyzing situations as it aids in the identification of major problems in the examination, along with the causative relationships (Robertson, 2001. p. 32). In applying this methodology to the preceding examination, the following analysis of the factors equated with the problem become evident.Figure 1 Problem Tree Analysis of Factors Leading to hempen necktie Use and What Can be Done About ThemA subject Carried Out in Local Transport Driversof the Peshawar District in PakistanThe preceding analysis shall thus form the matrix upon which this examination will focus.Chapter 3 Literature ReviewCannabis sativa was labeled by Li nnaeus in 1753 is know by many names, the most popular, and universally understood being marihuana, and poop (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 1). Known for healthful as well as being a euphoriant, the first recorded use of cannabis is found in the Herbal, an ancient equivalent of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, written about 400 to 500 B.C. (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 1). Also known as Indian Hemp, it is a stout, bushy, branching plant whose lift varies from 5 to 15 feet in height, and is an old crop that has been grown in China as well as Asia for centuries (Hill, 1952, p. 28). In terms of products, Indian hemp is utilized for ropes, twine, carpets, sailcloth, yacht cordage, binder twine, sacks, bags, and webbing as well as Hemp waste, and the woody fibers of the stem are sometimes utilize in making paper (Hill, 1952, p. 29). In addition The seeds contain an cover that is useful in the soap and paint industries as a alter for linseed oil (Hill, 1952, p. 29).Medicinally, Cannabis has long been use as a n original medicine in the south of Africa, South America, flop, Egypt, and many areas of Asia including India, the Malays, Burma, and Siam (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 218). Despite the westward notion of cannabis as simply an intoxicant, there is documented secernate of its expert use in medicinal remedies. on that point is a super body of evidence from the Orient on the use of cannabis in checkup checkup applications (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). In studies conducted by Dr, W.B. OShaughnessy in 1839, who at the time was thirty-three and an assistant surgeon and professor of chemistry at the checkup College of Calcutta , he experimented on patients suffering from rabies, rheumatism, epilepsy, and tetanus (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). OShaughnessy reported anticonvulsant properties of the previously untried materia medica, expressed his belief that in Hemp the work has gained an anti-convulsive remedy of the greatest value (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). OShaughnessys research led furt her investigation by Dr. R. MMeens for tetanus, neuralgia, the arrest of uterine hemorrhage, as an analgesic during labor, in dysmenorrhoea, convulsions, the pain of rheumatism, asthma, postpartum psychoses, gonorrhea, and chronic bronchitis (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 219). Dr. MMeens studies and reports resulted in cannabis being assigned (MMeens, 1860, pp. 94-95)a place among the so called hypnotic medicines next to opium its effects are less intense, and the secretions are not so much suppressed by it. Digestion is not disturbed the appetite rather increase . . . The whole effect of hemp being less violent, and producing a more natural sleep, without interfering with the actions of the internal organs, it is certainly often best-loved to opium, although it is not equal to that drug in strength and reliability.MMeens similarly found that cannabis had use as a sedative among other medicinal purposes (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 220). Dr. Hare in 1887 noted that the use of cannabis quieting mal aise and anxiety, and by turning the mind of the patient to other channels. . . . Under these circumstances, the patient, whose most painful symptom has been mental trepidation, may become more riant or even hilarious (Hare, 1887, p. 225-226). However, the Tax Act of 1937 completed its medical demise, and it was removed from the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary in 1941 (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 218).Modern day medical findings see its proponents suggesting the legalisation of cannabis in terms of its medicinal uses (Earlywine, 2002, p. 167). Naturally, the preceding views have sparked a number of debates. It has been found that Smoked cannabis clearly helps some problems and may cost less than other medications, and that Synthetic cannabinoids can in any case alleviate symptoms of many disorders (Earlywine, 2002, p. 167). G.T. Stockings, a medical researcher, administered a synthetical cannabis preparation to fifty depressive patients, and thirty-six showed definitive improv ement (Stockings, 1947, pp. 918-922). Mikuriya (1969, p. 904) in reviewing the medical evidence as well as literature listed the potential and possible therapeutic uses of cannabisanalgesic and hypnotic,as an appetite stimulant,antiepileptic, antispasmodic,as an aid in the prevention as well as interruption of migraines and tic douloureux,as an antidepressant as well as tranquilizer,as a psychotherapeutic aid,antiasthmatic,in the acceleration of childbirth (oxytoxic),as a topical anesthetic,in certain uses as an agent that facilitates patient withdrawal from additions to opiates and alcohol, andas an antibioticThe current position of organized medicine in the unite States is that cannabis has been condemned as medically worthless, and even dangerous (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 226). In fact the members of the Committee on Legislative Activities of the American Medical Association in 1937, in protesting the Marihuana Tax Act, stated (Cary, 1937, pp. 2214-2215)There is positively no evidenc e to indicate the abuse of cannabis as a medicinal agent or to show that its medicinal use is leading to the ripening of cannabis addiction. Cannabis at the present time is slightly used for medicinal purposes, but it would seem worthwhile to maintain its status as a medicinal agent for such purposes as it now has. There is a possibility that a restudy of the drug by modern means may show other advantages to be derived from its medicinal use. Your committee also recognizes that in the Border States the extensive use of the marihuana weed by a certain type of people would be badly to subdue that in the Border States the extensive use of the marihuana weed by a certain type of people would be hard to controlIn 1967 a position paper written in the daybook of the American Medical Association stated Cannabis (marihuana) has no known use in medical practice in most countries of the world, including the join States (Council on Mental Health and Committee on Legislative Activities and Drug Dependence, 1967, p. 1181). The factual evidence however points to otherwise as a classified advertisement undertaking by the United States Department of Defence in the United States that suggests the utilisation of cannabis compounds might be useful for (Culliton, 1970, p. 105)analgesicsblood pressure reduction, andpsychopharmacotherapeutic agentsThe limited utilization position of the United States in the uses of cannabis for medical purposes is outdated, according to global practices. The only uses legally approved in the United States are in California, and Arizona for medical purposes as approved by a physician, primarily for glaucoma, and high blood pressure (Christenson, 2004). Research conducted at the Complutense University in Madrid revealed that components contained in marijuana that were derived from the plant inhibited the growth of cancerous brain tumours (Annie Appleseed Project, 2007). The findings of that study were published in the journal of the American A ssociation of Cancer Research. Other research and studies have also found that cannabis restricts the blood supply to Gliobastoma multiforme tumours , which is an aggressive brain tumour (Annie Appleseed Project, 2007). The foregoing study which was initiated in the United States in 1974, and then subsequent left unfounded was picked up by the Complutense University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 1998 were it was discovered that THC could selectively induce programme cell demise in brain tumours without affecting healthy cells (Annie Appleseed Project, 2007).In addition, new research and studies have uncovered what other cultures, notably Asian, have known for decades, that marijuana in certain uses does have value as a medicine. In a recent study conducted at the University of California, it was found that smoked marijuana was effective at relieving the extreme pain of a debilitating condition known as peripheral neuropathy (as well as potentially beneficial uses for) cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, arthritis and other debilitating illnesses. (International Herald Tribune, 2007). The foregoing positive uses of cannabis as well as the wide spread use in Asia on an historical basis for medical purposes underlines the rationales for providing the broad based background information which was utilized to set the context that the initial foundational uses of cannabis in that region on an historical basis served a different purpose from its present. That background is important in understanding that the mental, and historical context in terms of cannabis in the Asian region differed greatly from the policy, and views of the United States, and Europe that impose criminal penalties that have spread to other regions, including Asia as the over riding policy that deals with usage today.In equating the use as well as regional context regarding Pakistan and cannabis, it is important to understand that the country borders China, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan. The preceding is important in that Afghanistan is the principle opium supplier to heroin and morphine base laboratories located in Pakistan , Tajikistan as well as Turkey (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The drug industry provides a financial support for many of the low-down of Afghanistan as well as Tajikistan, and the Peshawar district (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The governmental disposition in Pakistan has corrupt elements, subject to the stipend of funds to ease controls, and police interference, thus keeping the market swimming (Khan and Wadud, 2001). With Peshawar located extremely close to the Afghanistan border, and Khyber Pass, it is the center of drug trafficking, and thus also fosters a drug supportive culture. The significance of the preceding is that the underlying hard drug culture fosters softer drugs use, cannabis, as more acceptable and a spark form of involvement (United States Department of State, 2006). Cannabis is cultivated as well as grows wild in the region, thus making its availability uncomplicated for any resident (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007).Figure 1 social occasion of Pakistan(unique-century, 2007)The significance of the medicinal historical background as well as the drug industry trade, and the boilersuit poverty of the region set the conditions for drug use among the populace as well, important factors in the understanding of motivations for use, and conditions that brush individuals into use. Important in this understanding is that Afghanistans drug trafficking represents an estimated one-third of the overall Gross Domestic Product, which is fostered by a corruption government administration (United States Department of State, 2006). The region itself is also subject to the drug trade as a result of the land expanses of land, and the huge number of individuals living at, and to a lower place the poverty line. In addition to the indicated countries, drugs f orm a big part of the economies of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The heavy undercurrent of drugs, opium, heroin, and thus cannabis represents a lure for a means out of poverty as well as a manner in which a large number of the populace are exposed to drugs at an early age.Pakistan itself traffics in drugs as well as cultivates opium, and is a major transit country for hasheesh and opiates from Afghanistan (Center on International Cooperation, 2004). The country also has unconfirmed labs, and facilities along with an estimated 3 to 5 million addicts. Drug traffickers in Pakistan move product from Afghanistan to Turkey by land, through Iran as well as by sea. The foregoing is also an important consideration in the use of cannabis as a softer drug that is less addictive, and more importantly is affordable as a hard drug substitute in terms of poor economic opportunities as well as physical isolation for Pakistanis (International N arcotics Control Strategy Report, 2006). In the Asian region, cannabis is seen as an herb more than a drug. Unlike hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, cannabis is seen as a social and recreational drug. It is easily grown in almost any type of conditions, and the climate in Pakistan is particularly meet to cultivation. It is important to mention that cannabis in todays form differs from their culture of the 1960s and 70s in that it has been cross bred, and its office has change magnitude dramatically, estimated by 20 times (Drug Addiction Advice Project, 2007). The last factor, increased potency has changed the dynamics of cannabis to one that borders on the additive qualities of cocaine.Cannabis is a mood-altering drug, which represents one of the key rationales for its use among the improvised peoples of Peshawar as it provides an increased internal feeling of well being and happiness, increases laughter, and also heightens ones appetite. The preceding are factors in the ha rd life of poorer Peshawar residents as they have little to be happy about. Cannabis, like alcohol helps people to relax, and in many instances aids them in thinking that it helps them to cope with their problems (Department of Human Services, 2002).3.1 Actions Against CannabisThe global drug problem has been the subject of immense study as well as policies. A key development that has influenced the United Nations assembly Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances has been the Inter-American Commission on Drug Policy (Smith, 1992, p. 16). After years of study, the Commission issued a policy report in 1991 that advised that the means to control, and thus reduce global drug use rested in understanding the following dy