FC Arsenal – A brief history

West Ham Wembley As of the 2012-13 season, there are fourteen professional football teams in London, six play in the Premier League and eight in the Football League. Wembley is also shown. Football is the most popular sport, both in terms of participants and spectators, in London. [l] London has several of England's leading football clubs, and the city is home to fourteen professional teams and more than 80 amateur leagues regulated by the London Football Association. [2] Most London clubs are named after the district in which they play or used to play.Fulham is London's oldest club still playing professionally, having been founded in 1879. Royal Arsenal were London's first team to turn professional in 1891. Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur are London's most successful teams in domestic and European competitions. Between them, they've won a total of 84 titles and trophies. Wembley Stadium, England's national stadium is in London. It is the home venue of the England national foo tball team and has traditionally hosted the FA Cup Final since 1923. On 19 May 2012, Chelsea became the first London club to become European champions after winning the 2011-12 UEFA Champions League.History The playing of team ball games (almost certainly including football) was first recorded n London by William FitzStephen around 1174-1183. He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday. The playing of some form of football in London has been well documented since its creation in 1314. Regular references to the game occurred throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, including the first reference to word â€Å"football† in English when it was outlawed by King Henry IV of England in 1409. Early games were probably disorganised and violent.In the sixteenth century, the headmaster of St Paul's School Richard Mulcaster is credited with taking mob football and transforming it into rganised and refereed team football. In 1581 he described in English his game of football, which included smaller teams, referees, set positions and even a coach. Royal Engineers A. F. C. , 1872 The modern game of football was first codified in 1863 in London and subsequently spread worldwide. Key to the establishment of the modern game was Londoner Ebenezer Cobb Morley who was a founding member of the Football Association, the oldest football organisation in the world.Morley wrote to Bell's Life newspaper proposing a governing body for football which led directly to the first meeting at the Freemasons' Tavern in central London of the FA. He wrote the first set of rules of true modern football at his house in Barnes. The modern passing game was invented in London in the early 1870s by the Royal Engineers Prior to the first meeting of the Football Association in the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London on 26 October 1863, there were no universally accepted rules for the playing of the game of football.

Resourcing Talent †Aneta Bar Essay

In this report we will look at Resourcing Talent in organisation. Talent Planning describes an organisation’s commitment to recruit, retain, and develop talented employees to meet organisational needs. Factors that affect an organisation’s approach to attracting talent: There are many factors that affect an organisation’s approach to attracting talent, one of them being the image of the organisation. This has a great influence on attracting talent. An organisation with a good image may find it easier to attract and retain employees. The image of the company is based on what they do and how they are perceived. Actions like good public relations can help earn image. Also branded companies may find it easier to recruit, compared to a nameless brand. This is because they are better known to the public and therefore they have more to offer candidates such as higher salaries, benefits and bonuses. Another factor that influences attracting talent is the size of the organisation. Larger organisations may find it easier to attract talent. At Bupa where I am currently employed for as a large company is in a better position financially for recruitment and advertising and is able to attract a wider range of applicants to choose from. The size and reputation of the company has also an impact on potential candidates.The unemployment rate also has an important part to play in attracting talent. If the unemployment rate is high, it is easier for an organisation to attract talent, as the number of candidades applying for jobs is higher too. It makes it easier to attract the best-qualified applicants. Another factor is supply and demand. This refers to the availability of manpower internally and externally to the organisation. Organisations need to consider the current supply and demand. Some companies have a higher demand for more professionals and there may be a limited supply in their market. They may have to rely on internal sources by providing them with training and development. Organisation benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce: It is increasingly important to attract and retain a diverse workforce. This means organisations should ensure they recruit and retain the best person from the talent base regardless of gender, sexual orientation, age, race, religion, or disability, and there are many benefits to this. It improves the knowledge of how to operate business in different cultures and countries. Diverse workforce can bring new ideas, cultural, and educational experiences which will be of great benefit to the organisation. Also employees that can speak different languages can be seen to be valuable assets to the organisation. Companies become better placed to understand international markets and represent different customers, which allows them to expand their business in different countries. It will reduce the risk of discrimination claims which means organisations should be kept up to date regarding employment legislation. Factors that affect an organisation’s approach to recruitment and selection: The recruitment and selection process is one of the biggest factors that affect an organisation’s approach to recruitment and selction as they have budget and cost restraints. If a business is financially secure than they can spend more money on the best recruitment and selection methods. Before an organisation starts the recruitment and selection process they also need toconsider the budget that is available. The company may not be able to offer attractive benefits to attract the best candidates, which could put them behind their competitors. To avoid this disadvantage online recruitment websites instead of agencies to headhunt candidates can be used achieving similar result. Another factor that can be taken to account is that some organisations have recruitment policies, which aim to provide clear guidance to managers in relation to the selection and appointment of staff. This provides them with a structured process for everyone to adhere to and ensures candidates are assessed fairly, valued and treated with respect. These policies also ensure the organisation is consistent with employment legislation. HR planning is also a key factor affecting the approach to recruitment and selection. HR planning and the recruitment and selection  process are highly related to each other. The objective of recruitment is decided in HR planning. It allows HR managers to do an analysis of the organisational needs. An example of this could be the organisational strategy may determine the need for graduates in a graduate scheme to change the organisational structure for which they will ask the HR function to conduct recruitment and selection process for hiring graduates only. Benefits of different recruitment and selection methods: There are a number of methods an organisation can use in order to recruit staff. Recruitment agencies are an effective tool as they save valuable management time and they can also decrease the administratve load for the organization. It can also remove a lot of unnecessary stress and hassle. Internal recruitment is another method used. It is cheaper and may be quicker to recruit. It also provides opportunities for promotion within the organisation, which can be motivating for staff, and they are aware of the strengths and weaknesses of internal candidates. The Internet is now a popular recruitment method that comes with many benefits. Online recruitment allows the organisation to reach a large number of candidates quicker and is cheaper. Many organisations are now using social networking sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. As for selection methods online Screening & shortlisting is used very often. Initial screening of applications is usually based on an assessment of a candidate’s experience and qualifications against the job’s requirements. Scoring mechanism – easy to see how well someone fits the requirements/ easy to sort into areas of strengths Interviews remain the most common selection method, with competency-based interviews being the most popular across all sectors. All organisations continue to conduct interviews face-to-face but increasing numbers also use telephone interviews (56%) and nearly a third also use video or Skype interviews. to Face interaction – get to know the candidate. (CIPD factsheet p. 4 http://www.cipd.co.uk/resourcingtalentedplanningsurvey Face] [accessed 01 May 2014] Application Forms & CV’s. Application Forms – Ensures same information gained from all candidates to help achieve consistency.  Application forms – Makes th e selection process more fair on the other hand CV’s – benefit more applicant as existing CV can be updated and tailored to the job quickly (website used – http://employers.grb.uk.com/selection-methods, [accessed 01 May 2014] Explains at least 3 perposes of induction and how they benefit individuals and organisations: Induction is the process of introducing a new employee into the organisation. The responsibility for an induction should be shared between HR, line management, and learning and devlopment functions. There are many benefits for the new recruit as well as the organisation. A good induction reinforces positive first impressions and makes new employees feel welcome and ready to contribute fully. It is a good way to familiarise a new emploee with the culture, practices, policies, and procedures of the organisation, which will have an impact later on how they carry out their duties. In addition to this there are ‘public relations’ benefits from carrying out effective induction as an employee impressed by their choice of employer may advertise the fact and make it easier to attract new employees. Good induction also prepares the employee to compete better in a competitive marketplace, which has a direct impact on their early success and therefore also motivates the employee. In the organisation I currently work for they want people to be happy to work there and to excel in their role. Keep the excitement of starting in a new role alive with a well-planned induction. There are always some policies to learn but there should also be some thought-provoking videos to watch and some really interesting people to meet. As a sign of improvement they are planning are launching the BBS’ induction on Bupa Learn. There is also a new starter checklist for managers with an induction plan and sign off list for new starters. It is important for an organisation to use a number of methods for recruiting and selecting candidates as it has a significant impact on the future of the business. Attracting and retaining a diverse workforce is also of huge importance as it enables the organisation to attract the best talent. Lastly effective induction is crucial too. It helps the new employee to know the company better and integrate. It can also help new emploee to compete better in a competitive marketplace. Online references: CIPD Resourcing talented planning survey p.4 [online]; factsheet, [accessed 01 May 2014] http://employers.grb.uk.com/selection-methods, [accessed 01 May 2014] http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/diversity-workplace-overview.aspx, [accessed 01 May 2014] Activity B – Interview Observation Content: 1. Job description & person specification 2. Job ad 3. Selection criteria 4. Shortlisting record 5. List of Interview questions 6. Interview assessment form 7. Notes 8. List of records from R&S process which will be retained with explanation of the legal requirements 9. Letter to both successful and unsuccessful applicants 1. Job description & person specification RETAIL GROUP JOB DESCRIPTION JOB TITLE: Human Resources Officer REPORTS TO: Store Manager DEPARTMENT: Human Resources SECTION: Human Resources for Brighton Retail Group Branch CONTRACT HOURS: LOCATION Permanent 25 hours Brighton PURPOSE OF JOB To manage all staffing and training duties associated with the running of a store with 150 employees. To provide a high quality customer focussed HR service and administrative service, dealing with both internal and external customers. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTABILITIES To manage the staffing of the Brighton Retail Group branch which includes recruitment, processing leavers and absence management To contribute towards designing and administering training for all new and existing staff in the Brighton Retail Group branch, liaising with the Learning & Development team to arrange training where necessary. Administer all basic transactional HR processes in accordance with legislation, Retail Group’s policy and good practice Maintain employee data on the HR systems, ensuring accuracy of data Complete electronic and manual documentation related to transactional HR processes within statutory and operational deadlines Electronically file HR documents and manage workloads efficiently Provide general administrative support General Accountabilities Respond to written and verbal enquiries from internal and external customers To co-operate in the implementation of the Retail Group’s Health and Safety policy To report any unsafe act, or condition, any accident or incident according to Health and Safety Policy To uphold and carry out the duties of the post with due regard to the Retail Group’s Inclusive Company Policy. The list of duties in the job description should not be regarded as exclusive or exhaustive. There will be other duties and requirements associated with your job and, in addition, as a term of your employment you may be required to undertake various other duties as may reasonably be required. Your duties will be as set out in the above job description but please note that Retail  Group reserves the right to update your job description, from time to time, to reflect changes in, or to, your job. RETAIL GROUP PERSON SPECIFICATION JOB TITLE: Human Resources Officer SALARY:  £27,000 –  £30,000 DEPARTMENT: Human Resources SECTION: Human Resources for Brighton Retail Group Branch Essential Job Related Education, Qualifications and Knowledge GCSE pass, or equivalent, in Maths and English Essential Experience Experience working in an HR environment with practical knowledge of a generalist HR role Experience with contributing towards designing and delivering training Experience of working in a customer focused environment Able to demonstrate a commitment to the principles of Equality Act 2010 and to be able to carry out duties in accordance with the Retail Group’s Equalities Policy Desirable Experience Experience working in a retail environment Essential Skills and Abilities Good written and oral communication skills Good organisational as well as ability to prioritise workload efficiently. Good administrative skills Good ICT skills including knowledge of Microsoft Office and data management systems Ability to deal with confidential and sensitive information Ability to accurately process a high volume of work in a busy and highly pressured office environment and work to strict deadlines Good team working skills and the ability to use own initiative Ability to coach and support other members of staff Ability to establish and develop working relationships with internal and external customers. Desirable Skills and Abilities Ability to liaise with other teams and members of staff to ensure work is completed Flexible approach and a willingness to adapt to change. Other Requirements Commitment to acquiring awareness and knowledge of Health and Safety policy and practice as it applies in the work area and ability to adhere to practices and instructions 2. Job ad Job Title: Human Resource Officer Company: Retail Group Contract type: Permanent, Part time (25 hours per week) Closing Date: 1st April 2014 Interview Date: 30th April 2014 Salary:  £27,000 –  £30,000 Retail Group is a group of constantly evolving brands and has experienced incredible growth over the last few years. We need talented, dynamic and creative people to join us on this exciting journey. We are seeking an enthusiastic and experienced HR Officer to join their popular and effervescent Brighton store team. At Retail Group, we pride ourselves on giving our staff the tools they need to not only perform their role to a high standard, but to excel at it and build a successful career in an exciting and fast paced environment, with a selection of benefits including competitive salary. If you’re ambitious, forward thinking, passionate about providing excellent customer service and have experience of working in an HR role previously, this opportunity could be for you. The role will involve managing the staffing and training of the Brighton Retail Group branch which includes recruitment, processing leavers and absence management, maintaining the HR system, contributing towards designing and administering training for all new and existing staff in the Brighton Retail Group branch, liaising with the Learning & Development team to arrange training where necessary and other administrative duties. The contract is being offered on a permanent basis working 3 days a week, and is ideal for someone seeking to continue with their professional development with a high profile organisation. Please  see the job description and person specification attached for further information regarding the role. If you would like to be part of our company please visit our website and apply online. Please submit a brief Supporting Statement showing how your skills, knowledge and experience meet the person specification of the post. We are passionate about equal opportunitie s and welcome a broad diversity of talent to apply. Based on the above the candidates that were shortlisted for the interview are Sarah Green and Georgia Black. They achieved the highest scores and on that base they will be invited for the competency based questions interview on 30/04/2014. Introduction The HR department has followed a recruitment process for filling a vacancy request for â€Å"HR Officer† at Retail Group. The recruitment process outlined below highlights the main elements for filling this vacancy, which includes: Planning, Resourcing and Selection. Planning: Identifying need for recruitment. Setting the criteria for the job (drafting job description, person specifications, set of skills and competencies) Resourcing: drafting a job advertisement. Shortlisting: interview-based competency which at the moment are very popular among recruiters. Selection: Offer of the Employment Reason for Recruitment There are three main reasons why we are recruiting for the position of â€Å"HR Officer† at our company: 1) Growth in Business Operations: Our insurance company is growing and consequently the business is increasing. We need employ an additional staff member to manage the growing number increasing set of responsibilities and functions at the Brighton Office. 2) Change in Business Objectives: Need for diversity in terms of nationality. 3) Employee Exit: the person previously in charge running the overall office services at the Brighton Office has been re-located to another branch. A new team member is required to run the existing operation and ensure efficiency and control over the team and in case of additional functions. 5. Shortlisting criteria 6. List of Interview questions INTERVIEW 1: SARAH GREEN Welcome – Lydia (2 minutes) Welcome, introductions and reason for so many people (Lydia, store manager, Aneta HR Manager, Staurt HR Manager, Ester Head of Retail Operations) Drink before we start?  Applied for HR Officer, managing the staffing and training duties associated with our Brighton branch and providing a customer focussed HR and administrative service. Structure of interview – Time, number of questions, competency based questions, feel free to ask questions or ask us to repeat anything your not sure about Will be taking notes during interview, these along with your application form and details will be kept confidentially in line with the DPA on record for 6 months Question 1 – Lydia: Can you give us an example of when you have used your initiative within a team and what was the outcome? (4 minutes) Question 2 – Stuart: Can you describe a time when you have given excellent customer service? (4 minutes) Question 3– Ester: Can you give us an example of a time you have dealt successfully with a situation that didn’t go according to plan? (4 minutes) Question 4– Aneta: Can you give us an example of when you contributed to designing and delivering a training plan? (4 minutes) Close Aneta: Do you have any questions? Can I just check you’re happy with the proposed hours of 25 a week over 3 days? Salary confirmed at offer stage, subject to experience (27-30k) We have some other candidates to interview within the next few days. We will make a final decision within the next week We hope for the successful candidate to start at the end of May, subject to pre-employment checks and length of notice period If you wish to contact us with any questions or concerns in the meantime please do hesitate to contact any of us. INTERVIEW 2: GEORGIA BLACK Welcome- Ester Good afternoon thank you for coming, please take a sit. These are my colleagues (Lydia, store manager, Aneta HR Manager, Staurt HR Manager, and I am Ester Head of Retail Operations). Can I get you anything to drink? I hope the information we sent you by email was helpful to find us. So how did you hear from us? What did you hear about our company? â€Å"We are a retail company with 30 stores in the UK, and our company is growing every year. Our Brighton store opened a year ago, and we’re looking for an HR Officer to join our team of 150 employees. The interview will last around 20 minutes,  and we’ll each ask you a question Will be taking notes during interview, these along with your application form and details will be kept confidentially in line with the DPA on record for 6 months Question 1– Ester: Can you give us an example of a time you have dealt successfully with a situation that didn’t go according to plan? (4 minutes) Question 2 – Lydia: Can you give us an example of when you have used your initiative within a team and what was the outcome? (4 minutes) Question 3– Aneta: Can you give us an example of when you contributed to designing and deli vering a training plan? (4 minutes) Question 4 – Stuart: Can you describe a time when you have given excellent customer service? (4 minutes) Close Stuart: Thank you for attending today’s interview. That completes our questions for you – do you have anything you would like to ask us? Can I just check you’re happy with the proposed hours of 25 a week over 3 days? Salary confirmed at offer stage, subject to experience (27-30k) We have further candidates to interview, but will be looking to make a decision within the next week, so you should hear from us no later than 1 week time. We’re hoping for the successful candidate to start at the end of May. Once we have made our decision we will also be happy to provide feedback should you wish to receive it. All offers will be made on basis of receiving 2 satisfactory references – are you able to provide these? In the meantime, if you think of any questions after you leave, please feel free to get in touch with us and we’ll be happy to help. 7. Notes INTERVIEW 1: Candidate’s Name: SARAH GREEN Post: HR OFFICER Panelists: Aneta, Stewart, Lydia, Ester Date: 30th April 2014 Score: 77.8% * Candidate seemed confident and has a positive attitude, * Demonstrated interest in working for RETAIL GROUP, * Implemented a train plan to motivate staff and improve sales as hadn’t hit target for 6 months. Since doing this, has increased sales. * She has knowledge on how to combine HR and some training experience within self and safety. Also the candidate has the experience of delivering induction to new starters, (not to large group though), *Gave an example about helping an internal customer service to achieve their goals and in the same time she shown her own initiative, * Displayed experience in presentation design and delivery through her work in committees , * Displayed fluency in English, * Able to express herself easily, * Low tone, needed more time to think but when speaking but confident, *Asked few questions at the end of the interview re benefits and working hours, * She is interested in the job as she feels that it would provide growth to her career, INTERVIEW 2 Candidate’s Name: GEORGIA BLACK Post: HR OFFICER Panelists: Aneta, Stewart, Lydia, Ester Date: 30th April 2014 Score: 88% * Candidate seemed confident and has a positive attitude. *Described previous retail experience in retail – currently not working in this sector but showed interest to work in retail again as enjoyed it in the past, * Displayed training experience and skills with large groups (40+) as per her role at Sussex University (developed and delivered a new system that combines IT and HR,) *Provided example about employee who didn’t receive their salary in their last month and Georgia had to communicate/liaise with other teams, including senior members of staff, to resolve the problem calmly, resulting in the employee being paid correctly. * Doesn’t do any administrative tasks at her current job only checking employment contracts where there is a problem, * Able to communicate with senior managers and entry level employees *Provided good customer service to an internal customer (employee) who hadn’t had their induction so took it upon herself  to carry this out and the customer was very happy and felt well integrated af ter. * Described previous experience inn working within a tight timeframe and prioritizing tasks according to an action plan. (currently her deadlines are quite flexible), *Asked if she could work from start 10 am – 6pm due to childcare, *Asked for 10K more due to the extensive experience, Selection criteria 8. List of records from R&S process which will be retained with explanation of the legal requirements The information may be requested about any disability that might affect someone’s application – for instance if there are any reasonable adjustments that the organisation may make to assist in the application process or in the job itself. Recruitment records should be kept for a period of time, perhaps six months, in case of any discrimination challenge, or if a vacancy occurs and the organisation believes that any previous applicants may be suitable – it can provide a short cut in the recruitment process. That is, for compliance purposes it is essential not only to retain records but to be able to access them for mandatory self-audit and government reporting as required. As per the above the records from the interview with Ms Sara Green & Ms Georgia Blackthat will be retained and these are as following: Job descriptions, setting out the purpose, duties and responsibilities of each job, Person specification, setting out the characteristics and competencies necessary in the person who is best suited to perform the job, A list of question asked during the interview process, An interview assessment form, Notes from the interview, A copy of passport, A copy of proof of Right to Work in the UK, Source: http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/7/r/B03_1.pdf), p. 5

HND Common Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HND Common Law - Essay Example 1. Joe, a sales manager of Building Security Systems Ltd wrote a letter to Viacom Ltd on 13 June offering to install computerized security equipment at the canal side warehouse Viacomm Ltd was renovating for Wiggin Council for a total price of  £200,000 payable upon completion of the work. The offer was to remain open until 20 July. Sam, a purchasing director of Viacom Ltd, phoned Joe on 19 June to ask if the offer included the VAT. He then posted a letter of acceptance to Joe on 27 June in which he accepted the offer on behalf of Viacom Ltd. Building Security Systems received this letter on 29 June. In the meantime, Joe has started negotiating with Info provider Ltd and sold the same equipment to them on 28 June for  £250,000. He immediately wrote a letter to Sam to say that has not yet received confirmation that Viacom wants to purchase the equipment that the offer was now withdrawn. Viacom Ltd received this letter on 1 July. 2. Joiners-R-Us Ltd entered into a contract with Viacom Ltd, who hold the main building contract with Wiggin Council to renovate a canal-side warehouse. Joiners-R-Us are contracted to carry out carpentry work in a block of 47 flats for an agreed price of  £200,000. The main contract with Wiggin Council contains a time penalty clause which states that the building must be completed by 15 November 2008. Viacom Ltd is worried that if Joiners-R-Us Ltd did not complete the carpentry work on time he will have to recompense Wiggin Council under that clause.   On the basis of this letter, Joiners-R-Us Ltd managed to persuade their staff to continue working which re-commenced on 18 October.  

California Alcoholic Beverage Control Research Paper

California Alcoholic Beverage Control - Research Paper Example The fact limits the restaurant for both drink in the restaurant and take away drinks. Application of the liquor license is at the department that deals with alcohol and beverage control in Bay area (Califonia Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control, 2014). During this period of application, the following has to be met by the applicant. Apply and get the sales and tax permit. The permit is obtained at the sales and tax division in California ( Sate of California, 2014). The registration can be done online on their website. The applicant then registers with Board of Equalization online on their website (Califonia Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control, 2014). The next step is to obtain the Federal basic permit at the alcohol and tax bureau. The timeline to obtain the license varies depending on the number of the applicant and an average of 45 to 60 working days. In the restaurant business, have a premise and ensure the all the application requirements are met. Possible technicality includes the zoning by the local government might hinder the choice of the

People aged over 65 employment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

People aged over 65 employment in UK - Essay Example One of these reasons is the economic depression that has been in the recent years which has necessitated people to continue working in order to make ends meet even if they are old or over 65 years of age (Barrow, 2011). There is also the issue of the workforce being reduced as the population of young people who can provide labour in the UK has continued to dwindle as people fail to give birth. The lack of enough labour force has forced the older generation to continue working way after their years of retirement have passed as they have no alternative if the economy is to continue to grow as it used to or if their country is to develop. Lastly is the boredom that most of these people face if and when they retire and in order to avoid it, they prefer to continue working until they are not physically able to do so. Barrow, B. (April, 13th, 2011). â€Å"Grey jobs boom: How over 65s are filling a third of new positions because they are too poor to retire.† Dailymail. Retrieved from:

Population Growth Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Population Growth - Case Study Example It is also important in that it helps determine the dependency ratio. High population growth rate is usually a problem especially with limited resources in a society whereas low population growth rate is a problem in the society given that the society may face workforce shortages in the future. The paper discusses the population size of all US citizens as depicted by data from 1900 to 2000 census. Data used in this paper was retrieved from the US census database. The reason for selecting this data was because of availability of data online, the convenience of the data source and to show how a developed country manages its population size through its policies and also to determine the expected population size in the next census. US Census data was retrieved for the year 1900 to 2000 from the US census website. The following is an analysis of the data. From the year 1900 to 2000 the population increased by 205,628 thousand, the mean increase in population is for the ten year period from 1900 to 2000 is 20,563 thousand, the standard deviation of this increase in population 7064.3. We, therefore, expect that the population size will increase by 20563 thousand in 2010. The composition of the population is an important measure in a society given that it helps determine the dependency ratio. The following chart shows the composition of the population as at the 1990 census From the above chart, it is evident that the majority of individuals during the 1990 census were aged 15 to 34 years while only 21.06% were aged 55 years and above. Total workforce, therefore, was 57.4% and this means that approximately 42.6% of the population was dependent on the workforce. From the above chart, it is evident that the majority of the individuals in this year were aged between 35 and 54 years and only 21.06% were aged above 55 years.

Macroeconomices Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Macroeconomices - Research Proposal Example Apparently, the simplicity of the underpinnings of economics benchmarked overlooking its significance in the intensified global market activities. All and sundry has anticipations concerning economic depression, but, accepted mitigations for that depression are determined by fluctuations in comprehensive demand. Surveillance about economic depression began about 1929. Snowdon and Vane (2) mentioned Aldcroft (1993) and Romer (1993) who did a study on the economic conditions of the country. They discovered that somewhere between the years 1929 and 1932; the United States economy saw a dip in its business output. This was reflected in the Gross Domestic Product report, hand in hand with the sharp rise in unemployment. As Aldcroft and Romer study revealed, probably most people were not aware that trade and industry productivity degenerated; unemployment rose and contributed to the economic downturn. Economic depression depends on unseen margins, and those boundaries move with productivity and employment in the economy (Snowdon and Vane 2). So that the economic situation may get better or worst, depending on the nations leadership to move forward or be diffident. Snowdon and Vane supposed John Maynard Keynes in 1936 was right in his theory of employment, interest, and money. Further they said: â€Å"The implication of Keynes analysis was that government intervention, in the form of discretionary fiscal and monetary policy, could help correct such aggregate instability and stabilize the economy at full employment† (Snowdon and Vane 2). In a scenario where economic stability is lower than probable gross domestic product, it is most likely that consumers spend less (Baumol and Blinder, 588), because in reality they really do not have anything to be spent on either goods or services despite needs. Otherwise, investment spending is weak, despite

Critical evaluation of Steve Millar's approach Essay

Critical evaluation of Steve Millar's approach - Essay Example overseas business expansion, and decentralization of authority. Critical evaluation of Steve Millar’s approach: The above mentioned approaches of Miller had been reflected quite intensively in the decisions and strategies formulated by him. In order to be international, Miller had undertaken the route of merger and acquisition. For instance, in order to get entered within the market of France, the company acquired a century old Domaine de la Baume, which is well reputed winery brand with French market. Along with this, there are a number of different other important established domestic and exports French brand was acquired BRL Hardy for the purpose of expanding within France, in the year 1990. Six months later, the company acquired Italy’s oldest winery, named as Brolio de Riscoli for the purpose of clearing the way to get entered within the market of Italy. Along with this, UK is also one of the most prominent markets of the company in which the company earned quite i ntensive amount of profits. In this regard, the company established its direct subsidiary within the country. Moreover, the company undertook several crucial mergers and acquisition across Asian and American regions for the purpose of supporting it overseas diversification approach of Miller (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2011). This approach of Miller can be supported on the ground of growth related corporate level strategic orientation for the organization. As per this approach, business diversification at global level is one of the most efficient ways to reduce the impact of external business environment. This approach of Miller supported him to make an efficient portfolio for its business operations, which had proved quite helpful for the organization to diversify the external environmental risk (House et al 2004). For the long term perspective this strategy of Miller can be appraised. The concept of systematic risk mitigation also advocates the approach of Miller regarding b usiness expansion at international level. However, the case reflects that in order to be international, the disposition of the company in the domestic market was weakened due to international business expansion. This is one of the most critical issues associated with the international business expansion approach of Miller (Hill 2011). In addition to this, the second approach of Miller, for the purpose of making BRL Hardy as an international brand, was related to the decentralization of the management structure of the organization within its international business strategy of the organization. As per this approach Miller was the strong believer of providing some intensive power and authority to the local administration and management of its different business location. In the context of this strategy, he handed over all the power of making decisions and planning to Christopher Carson for the purpose of managing all the operations and business activities of its UK subsidiary. This str ategy of Miller was proved quite successful as UK subsidiary of the company made some intensive profits for the company in the year 1998. Miller wanted to have some intensive and deep involvement of Carson in the corporate planning and decision making for the company. However, the approach of Miller toward this decentralization was directed to align its European

What Are Gmos Essay Example for Free

What Are Gmos Essay A GMO is a genetically modified organism that has been altered by man through the process of engineering. It is a technology set out to alter the genetic structure of a life form such as plants and animals, in effort to produce a more desired end product of the organism altered. As an example, a tomato was altered with a new gene so that it would look ripe for a longer period of time. It was called the â€Å"Flavr Savr Tomato† (Sereana Howard Dresbach) The purpose was so that tomatoes could be shipped from almost anywhere in the country, and still have that fresh ripe look to the consumers; once placed on the shelves in stores. GMO’s are also used to alter the nutrients of a living organism, meaning you could take a fruit tree or vegetable plant and alter it to have additional nutrients that the organism would not originally contain. A test was conducted with a product termed â€Å"Golden Rice,† which was altered to contain a greater density of beta carotene, a source of vitamin A and iron. (Sereana Howard Dresbach) The effort was to create this food for third world counties who lack this nutrient; thus help to reduce the many disease that are linked to the lack of vitamin A and iron; such as anemia and blindness. Though the effort and research of genetically modified organisms seem to have a positive outlook, there are many people and organizations that are skeptical, concerned, and in total disagreement with this technology; due to the unknown heath risks and attempt to alter Mother Nature. Because this is fairly new, and the research conducted so far has not completely proved out the safety and soundness of GMO’s to its entirety, there are many questions that need answers; and facts needed to prove this technology as fully credible in my view. It s safety and use for all ages is a question we must ask ourselves as a society, and we must openly challenge the government to make sure that there is a sane and moral infrastructure that will protect our the general public against the unknown risks and dangers this technology could create. In my opinion, I see this effort as a method of cloning and have great concerns against the practice of modifying nature and its authenticity. I strongly believe that the earth was created with everything we need to live and survive, and that there are natural and organic means of getting the ame results that creating genetically modified organisms would. Although the FDA approves this technology, I feel that we as humans are being used as test rats; since the FDA does not have to list whether ingredients in foods are genetically modified. This technology in my opinion exposes too many risks and unknowns to our world, and draws a thin line with me when it comes to our standards of morality. In conclusion, I see this as unsafe too all.

Dhaping human behaviour Essay Example for Free

Dhaping human behaviour Essay Socialisation is the lifelong process by which human behaviour is shaped through experience in social institutions (e.g. family, which is a crucial factor in primary socialisation). Through socialization, individuals learn the values, norms (formal and informal rules), and beliefs of a given society.  In considering the nature of the self, it is necessary to include a still more fundamental social scientific issue the extent to which human beings are being formed by biological inheritance (i.e. genetic determinism), or through socialisation (i. e. cultural determinism); the issue called nature-nurture debate. Another way to put this is the difference between instinct and learned behaviour, where instinct is inherited, and learned behaviour acquired through socialisation. Sociologists does not really consider instinctive behaviour; therefore, most sociologists would only accept there are inborn needs of food, shelter and sex. Other than these three, sociologists prefer the fact that human behaviour is shaped by social experience rather than that it is biologically given.  However, although the direction of sociology is towards social explanation, there is no contradiction between social and biological explanations of behaviour. It is just a matter of empirical research by biologists, sociologists, social biologists and by other relevant subject specialists to find explanations of human behaviour. According to sociologist Charles Cooley, there are two types of socialisation: primary and secondary. Those factors that are involved in primary socialisation are usually small, involve face-to-face interaction and communication and allow the individual to express the whole self, both feelings and intellect. Usually, those factors are the family, peer groups, of close friends and closely-knit groups of neighbours. Within these groups, through personal experience, the individual learns primary values such as love, loyalty, justice, sharing, and etc. Freud claimed that the first few years of a persons life those usually spent amongst primary groups are the most important in forming the structure of the persons character. In contrast, secondary groups are usually large, more impersonal and formally organised, and exist for specific purposes. In the secondary stage, the individual learns by himself or herself more values and norms which are to be applied for the individual to fit in. This includes learning how to organise and conduct oneself in formal contexts (backgrounds) and how to behave towards people who have different degrees of status and authority. One of the crucial agents of secondary socialisation is school. Trade unions and professional associations, also secondary socialisation agents, can affect an individuals behaviour when an individual agrees to conform to the beliefs, aims and regulations of the organisation. Therefore, indirectly, the individual accepts a socialising influence on his or her conduct. In both primary and secondary groups, the mass media (e.g. radio, television, the cinema) also plays a vital part in socialising individuals. For example during primary socialisation, by watching certain cartoons, a child (although indirectly) can already be socialised of his or her gender roles, such as patriarchal ideology (e.g. where the cartoon might portray the girl as the weaker one, always being bullied and being the helpless, damsel in distress; while the boy will then be the hero). Later, during secondary socialisation, magazines (a form of mass media) can also reinforce gender roles such as saying that girls must learn to cook so that they could cook for their husbands later in marriage. One way of studying the role of society in shaping human behaviour is to examine the development of individuals who were either completely or nearly excluded from any social interaction for a period of their lives. This includes cases of those who spent most of their childhood isolated from others in the wild (such as the Wild boy of Aveyron and the two girls, Wolf children of Bengal) and those who were cut off from others through confinement (imprisonment), also during childhood (such as the cases of Anna and Isabelle). The case of the wolf children revealed that their behaviour was very similar to the wolves that had apparently raised them. They preferred raw meat, moved on all fours and lacked any form of speech. There is a more recent case described by ODonnell where a 14 year old boy found in the Syrian desert had exceptional speed and had adopted some of the behavioural characteristics of the gazelles he was found with.

Sex,Slavery And Human Trafficking

Sex,Slavery And Human Trafficking In some cases, sex slavery and human trafficking are connected to one another. Human trafficking is the practice of being tricked, lured, coerced, or otherwise removed from their home or country. In most instances, human trafficking of women and children had led them to being sexually exploited by traffickers. It is believed that more people are being trafficked across the border against their will now then at any point in the past. Adult victims are lured into this hidden industry with false promises of good jobs in other countries, false marriage proposals, or kidnapped. Children are also kidnapped into the sex industry, sold by their own families, and at times families are manipulated into selling their children. Traffickers would tell parents or family members that the children would have a brighter future if they left their families. Families believed that these traffickers would take their children and teach them a good trade to ensure their future, or be educated. But in reality, women and children are sold to brothels and held captive. Victims are kept in deplorable conditions, beaten, raped, and threatened. Medical care does not exist for those victims and many are exposed to deadly sexually transmitted diseases. History Viviene Cree (2008) wrote that women and children are especially vulnerable to sex trafficking because of their experience of powerlessness, poverty, gender-based discrimination, and the history of sexual and physical violence. Unfortunately, human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is not something that happened overnight. History has shown us that the selling and using of the human body for sexual gratification was happening then and practice is continuing today. While searching for some information on the history of sex slavery, we found several academic articles that dealt with the owning of women and children for sexual use. Yaron Ben-Naeh (2006) wrote that from the 16th to the 19th century, female slaves were kept in Jewish household during the Ottoman Empire. The slaves that were being kept in these households were of Slavic origins captured during the Ottoman Campaign, or by their Tator collaborators in Eastern Europe. Because these slaves were of Slavic origins, the documented physical descriptions of these slaves were that they had fair colored hair and light colored eyes. Females were sought out for their domestic skills, strength, and their obedience. It was also suggested that the slaves were considered as beautiful objects that were present in the household. Court records, from that period, listed a wide range of prices of slaves. Prices were given according to the slaves physical attributes, skills, appearance, age, and the length of service agreed upon. These females were not only used for domestic servitude, but some were used as concubines to the males of the households, usually the master o f the domain. Sexual relationships with their masters were part of the slaves domestic duties. There was some documentation that female slaves were freed from their owners, if they were loyal and obedient. It was also written that some slaves mentioned in the wills of their deceased masters. Sometimes these slaves were left some money or items in the will. Some slaves are transferred to different family members or sold to neighbors when their owners passed away. It was not uncommon for some female slaves to be married off to family members, relatives, or friends. Children of the female slave, if they converted to Judaism and the Jewish owner acknowledged paternity, were legitimate heir and were legally allowed to their fathers inheritance. Viviene Cree (2008) wrote that public concern about human trafficking is not new. In the 19th and the 20th century, organizations were put together to stop the trafficking of human beings. One of these organizations was The National Vigilance Association (NVA), which was launched on August 1885 in London, UK. The purpose of the organization was to undertake private prosecution and alert the police to the infringements of the newly passes Criminal Law Act. The main provisions were: *1. It became an offense to procure a woman under 21 years of age for prostitution. *2. The age of sexual consent was raised from 13 years to 16 years *3. Anyone who detained a women or a girl for the purpose of unlawful sex, in an brothel or other premise. *4. Financial penalties or imprisonment were imposed on anyone found guilty of keeping, managing, assisting, owning, or renting out premises used as a brothel or for the purpose of prostitution. In the beginning, the organization was focused on local activities in their area. For instance, prostitutes were blamed for the declining health of the nation and the armed forces. The NVA created campaigns to eradicate prostitution. To accomplish this task, members investigated brothels, dance halls, and dangerous houses. Members of the organization were able to remove women and children whom they believed were at risk. At the end of the 19th century, the NVAs executive committee formed the International Bureaus British National Committee to handle international activities. In 1921, the League of Nations took over the responsibilities of the International Bureau and combined their forces with the NVA on seeking agreements between countries on the repatriation on prostitutes, on the traffic of women and children, and on the abolition of licensed houses (regulated brothels), and on the assistance of expelled foreign prostitutes. The organization targeted the white slave trade, which dealt with child prostitution and the entrapment and removal of white British girls from overseas brothels. The panic was over the kidnapping of innocent (white) girls who were being forced into the life of prostitution. Socialist believed that prostitution, at that time, was the inevitable by-product of capitalism. Women had to use their bodies because the economic structure did not offer women legitimate opportunities of earning a wage. Another part of history has shown us that war was another excuse used to violate womens bodies, such as trafficking women across to the battlefield to service soldiers. The comfort women use by the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII, was one of the most extreme forms of institutionalized forms of violence against women. It was institutionalized because the Japanese military felt that if they set up brothel stations it would reduce the amount of rapes. Until recently, the comfort women of WWII have been silent and lost in the written pages of history books. The military called these women military comfort women to disguise the horrific nature and true purpose of these women. In December 1991, Korean women had started to come forward claiming to be comfort women and exposing sexual crimes committed against them by the Japanese army during the war. Pyong Gap Min wrote that the victimization of Korean Comfort Movement has three major components: (1) their being forced into military sexua l slavery, (2) their suffering inside military brothels, and (3) their half-century of agonizing experiences after their return home. These women came forward because they felt that they deserved any official apology from the Japanese government. They also were seeking compensation, prosecution of offenders and war criminals, proper education of the public on the nature of this war crime, a rewritten history of war crimes in the textbooks to include the sexual violations, and memorial tablets for the deceased comfort women. Young girls, between the ages of 14 to 17, were taken off the streets by Japanese soldiers and were forced to service an average of thirty to forty soldiers a day. George Hicks wrote in his book, The Comfort Women: Japans Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War that these women were rotated between some many men that their pudenda grew swollen and inflamed, and they were constantly attempting to gain relief by applying cold towels. Hicks also mention, that women were taught tricks of the trade by maximizing time and effort. They were taught to douche between rapes, or hurriedly apply cotton wool soaked in disinfectant. As supplies started to run low, the women had to reuse condoms by rinsing them off between uses. These girls were made to service in military brothels established in China and other Asian and Pacific countries during the Asian and Pacific War (1932-1945). The girls came from Korean, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Europea n women were also used by the military. These women were of Dutch, taken from prisoner of war camps in Indonesia. The estimate numbers of women taking and transported across the battlefield was about 200,000, and less than 30 percent survived to the end of the war. Korean women made up the higher percentage of the women taking, about 80 percent of the total population of comfort women. The Japanese army divided the women according to race, class, nationality, and the ranks of the officers they were made to service. Korean women and Asian women were taken an advantaged of by the lower class soldiers. Japanese and European women were saved for the upper class officers of the military. Korean women were treated more cruelly than Japanese women, mainly because of Japaneses colonization of Korea. It was not until recently, that the Japanese government would not acknowledge the use of comfort women during WWII. For years, Japan had denied the recruitment and transportation of these women. On January 16, 1992, Yoshimi Yoshiaki, a Japanese history professor, discovered documents found information about the military comfort women in the library of Japans Self Defense Force in Japan. Finally, with the discovery of documentation and victims stepping forward, Japan admitted to this part of their history and issued a formal apology in August of 1993 with no compensation. Instead the government solicited donations from their citizens and put the funds into the Asian Movement Fund. By doing this, the government avoided any legal and financial responsibilities. Another war that contributed to the trafficking of females to service male soldiers was during the Vietnam War. During the war, the Thai government received billions of dollars in military and economic aid because of its alignment with the United States (Ratchada Jayagupta (2009). In exchange, the Thai government authorized 700,000 U.S military troops in north-eastern and eastern Thailand. Because of the increase of foreign men coming into their areas, criminal networks started to recruit females from costal towns of Pattaya and Bangkok for sexual services. These women were used to service military men on their leave time. To help facilitate the migration process, immediate family member of the women, locals, and traffickers would be involved in the transportation. When the U.S government withdraw its troops from Thailand, which did not stop sex tourism in Thailand. As a matter of fact, by 1982 tourism had become Thailands top foreign exchange earner. In most cases involving crime and criminal activities, the males exploitations of females was/is for the purpose of sexual gratification and for profit. In the animal kingdom, some species exploit their females not for the purpose of satisfying their lust but to ensure the continuation of the species. One of these animals is a species of copepods, called a sea louse. The sea louse males start recruiting females by giving off a chemical smell that females find irresistible. The female would follow the chemical trail that lead up to the males lair. When she gets close enough, the male would capture her and bring her inside the lair. The male would repeat the same procedure for the next three months until he has enough females. The male sea louse can have up to three dozens females in his harem. He will line all the females in a row in his tunnel to monitor them closely. When the females begin to molt, he will then mate with each of them. The females will sacrifice their lives in order for their offspring s to survive. Each female will become swollen with eggs, and when it is time those eggs will hatch. It takes a lot of energy to hold such a large number of young in her shell. By the time the young are ready to be born, she will died of exhaustion. Profits Money is the incentive of most crime and criminal activities. Unfortunately, sex slavery or human trafficking is a highly profitable underground industry. Rachada Jayagupta (2009) believes the human trafficking has now become the third largest criminal activity in the world, next to drugs and arms trafficking. Jennifer Ludden (2009) wrote that human trafficking is the second largest illicit business in the World after drugs. After narcotics and arms sales, trafficking is estimated to be the largest source of revenue for organized crime (U.S. Department of State 2004). Trafficking of human beings is such a lucrative business, that it profits are estimated to be in the billions every year. The selling of the human body is considered more profitable than drugs. In 1990, the trafficking of human, mostly for prostitution, generated an annual profit between $1.9 billion and $3.2 billion Canadian (Janet Bagnall (2002). Drugs are sold and used once, but the body of the person can be used and sold over and over again. Women, who are sold into prostitution, can be earners for their pimp for years. Most of the money that these women make goes directly to the hands of their pimps, with little or nothing going to the victims. On February 5, 2010, The Sun reported that an Irish Pimp, who ran a multi-million euro prostitution ring in Wales, was sentenced to seven years in prison. Thomas Carroll, his wife Shamiela Clark, and his daughter Toma Carroll, were all sentence for trafficking women and forcing them into prostitution. The girls, who would charge their clients 250 euro for an hour, had to lodge their earning into Toma Carrolls account. Carroll would than transfer the money to her fathers account. In 2006, 111,000 euros was deposited, 113 million euro was deposited in 2007, and 500,000 was lodged by September 2009. Trafficked women retain little or nothing of the money they earn. Women and children of these sex industries are immediately discarded when they no longer become attractive to their potential clients, or are no longer profitable to their pimps. In Cambodia, children are considered commodities, and are often tortured and killed when they have outlived their usefulness. Another reason for the short lifespan of these victims is they are more susceptible to diseases. With inadequate health care and poor hygiene, many victims are infected by AIDS and other transmitted diseases. Victims are giving drugs and rape repeatedly by their captures to break their wills and prevent them from escaping. These captures would usually be the first to rape their victims, in order to give them lessons on how to please their clients. If these trafficked women or girls do no meet the quota or the requirements to satisfy the clients, they would be quickly sold off to another person or brothel. Women and children are also given drugs so they can earn more money by taking on more clients. Some women and girls choose to take methamphetamines, in order to endure the physical and mental pain. They also take the drugs to be able to take on more clients. Kuntea Pang, left her home in Kampong Cham, to find her sister in the city. When she arrived there, a woman and said that she would help Kuntea find her sister. Instead, this woman brought her to a brothel and gave her methamphetamines. The drug made her not want to eat and not want to sleep, qualities that are desirable in sex worke rs. The methamphetamine also made Kuntea forget what happened to her as she was being held captive. When women and children are discarded, new recruits must take her place in the sex industry. Traffickers target victims according to the taste of their customers. In Thailand, young virgins in the sex tourism industry are considered a prize commodity. Virgins are prized because of their youth, inexperience, and the lack of sexually transmitted disease. Child virgins are especially prized because of their beauty and lack of sexual transmitted diseases. Larry Hilblom, the founder of DHL courier service, was one of those people who preferred the innocent of children. Generic testing had confirmed that he fathered at least four children from three Pacific Rim countries (Scheer, 1997). Shared Hope International (SHI), a non-profit group, undertook a 12 month long operation of commercial sexual exploitation in Jamaica, Japan, Netherlands, and the United States. SHI revealed a sophisticated business model for the sex tourism and sex trafficking. They compared this business with being in a m all. In a mall, buyers are able to choose from a variety of human products of different ages and different colors. David Hodge wrote that traffickers increase their market by being able to provide younger and younger females to be used for prostitution. The United States Central Intelligence Agency, estimates that traffickers can earn about $250,000 for each trafficked women. Child pornography is another type of sex industry that has become highly profitable for pimps and child sex operators. Child pornography includes magazines, videos, photographs, books, pictures, audiotapes, motion pictures, and images on the Web that show children in sexually explicit acts. Barri Flowers (2001) said, Some children are forced into child pornography by pimps and operators of sex rings or sex tourism, where they turn into sex slaves. In Germany, the sales of child porn are estimated to exceed $250 million. The biggest consumer of child porn comes from the United States, with their numbers to be about 6 million dollars annually. Eighty-five percent of the worldwide sales of pornography come from America (Flowers, 2001). So how much does a human body cost in this underground economy? The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) gave an example of how profitable the selling of human being is. They used the example of a girl who was kidnapped in the village of Nepal. This girl would be trafficked to India and sold for $1000 and then trafficked into the United States and sold for $20,000. Janet Bagnall from the Gazette, wrote that young girls from Nepal are sold at the Indian border for four dollars. They are then sold a second time to brothel owners in Bombay for $500 to $1000. These girls would not be able to leave the brothels until their purchase price has been paid off. The purchase price plus interest would be a debt that these Nepali girls must pay off, which might stretch on indefinitely. The United Nation estimates that human traffickers can earn about 10 billion dollars per year, and the average sale price for a slave is $12,500. Globalization Traffickers, pimps, organized groups have found another way to increase their profit margins. Instead of staying within their own countries, these opportunists have found a way to take their industry globally. By being able to transport women and children to a wider range, they are able to supply a larger clientele. Criminal gangs have started trafficking their victims to area where they believe there will be a high demand for sexual services, such as rock concerts, football games, and other major sporting events. During the World Cup games in 2006, there was an increase of sex trafficking to meet the demand for commercial sex during that event. It is estimated that more than 40,000 women and children were transported to Germany for the month long event. Many victims were placed in mega brothel, quickie shacks, and other underground networks that existed in Germany during that time. The Internet has made it especially easy for clients to find their victims in other countries. Technological advances have made it possible for a much broader, international group of consumers to travel long distances to have sex with minors in the 20th and the 21st century. The Internet is highly unregulated and the fastest growing communication network in the world. In just a matter of minutes, a man can book a plane ticket, get a hotel, and reserve the body of a female all in the comfort and privacy of his own home. Donna Hughes said that advertisements and endorsements for sex tourism, mail order brides, brothels, strip bars, and escort services are openly and easily found on the World Wide Web. Men are able to go onto internet discussion groups and find information on the sex industry. They are able to find names of brothels in other countries, information on the price of women and girls. Descriptions on sex tours found in The World Sex Guide would have information on hotel pric es, taxi services, telephone numbers, cost of alcohol, what kinds of sex act that can be bought, the price for each act, and the comments about the women. In 1995, an American man who operated Pimps R Us, organized a sex tour to the Dominican Republic. The tour was four days and three nights and included oral sex from a prostitute chosen by the tour guide. As of 1996, 25 companies in the United States offer sex tours to other countries. These packaged deals will include plane tickets, accommodations, ground transportation, local guide, and the promise of sexual encounters with local girls. One U.S based sex tour operator promises customer that they will never sleep alone in this tour. Women and children are trafficked everyday to underdeveloped and developed countries. It is not uncommon for women and children to be trafficked from countries that have economic and political problems. The flow of the trafficked is from poorer to richer countries. From Latin America to the United States and Western Europe, from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, the Middle East, Japan, North America; from Africa to Europe; from Nepal to India; from Burma, Cambodia, and Vietnam to Thailand; from Thailand to Japan and Australia (Baird, 2007). Many of the women and girls are taken and trafficked into the commercial sex industry. The United Nation (UN) believes that the victim of trafficking spans the globe, from 127 countries to be exploited in 137 countries. Most of the slaves come from Albania, Belarus, China, Romania, Russia, and Thailand. They are then trafficked to destinations such as Asia, western Europe, North America, and the Middle East. It is estimated that as many as half of the 100,000 women and children working in brothels in Bombay came from Nepal (Wilson, 1997). Since the 1990s, girls are being trafficked to Thailand from neighboring countries. These countries are Myanmar, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Yunnan Province in China. Women and girls are trafficked from Cambodia primary from Vietnam. The victims are brought from Cambodia and sent to brothels in Phnom Penh to work. Some Cambodians are transported out to other countries like Thailand, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. The regions with substantial child trafficking burdens include West Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and Latin America (Beyrer 2004). In Quebec, organized crime network can recruit and transport Russian women from their homes and into Quebec message parlors with 3 weeks. Foreign tourists who travel to these countries come from fairly rich, developed countries. A large number of foreign sex tourists are males from wealthy industrialized countries like the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Australia, France, and Japan. A high number of tourists come from the Unites States. Each year foreign travelers from predominantly Western countries pump billions of dollars into the economies of developing nations when they purchase sexual services (Andrews, 2004). Foreigners feel that paying for sex with a female or male is part of the travel experience. It is hard to estimate how many foreign tourists frequent these Southeast Asian countries because many tourists evade arrest in these countries that they commit the crimes. Child sex tourist face little fear of being caught because there is a relatively low risk of being prosecuted in the countries that they committed their criminal act. Police corruption and the government turning a blind eye is another rea son these men get away with their crimes. Most developing nations have little incentive for domestic enforcement because tourism is one of the main driving forces behind their economies (Andrews, 2004). It is very difficult for victims to seek help from institutions that were mandated to protect people; instead these institutions also become the puppets of organized gangs. Some peace officers are paid to look the other way by pimps, organized gangs, or traffickers. Corrupt law enforcement officials are giving bribes or sexual services in return for not arresting pimps or brothel owners (Andrews, 2004). In Cambodia, Dr. Kek Galabru, president of a human rights group, said that public official profit greatly from protection of child sex trade and that they themselves are frequent patrons of the brothels where the children are sold. Sri, a fourteen year old girl from Thailand, was sold to a brothel owned by an investment club. The members of this club were business and professional men , government bureaucrats, and local politicians. These men would leave the management of the brothel to pimps and a bookkeeper, to keep their hands clean. When Sri tried to run away from the brothel, a policeman found her and brought her back to her pimp. Slave trade requires the direct or indirect involvement of national governments (Kapstein, 2006). Since the profits are so high, traffickers have plenty of money to pay off government officials and local law enforcement. The U.S House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary said, sex tourists often escape prosecution in the host countries, because of factors ranging from ineffective law enforcement, lack of resources, corruption and immature legal system. Sex slavery is not only happening in other countries, but also in the United States. In the United States, brothels are operating as legitimate message parlors, spas, and acupuncture clinics. The U.S. Department of Justice prosecuted 555 people for human trafficking between 2001 and 2005, of those cases 129 cases involved child sex trafficking. The State Department revealed that 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States every year against their will. Shared Hope International and the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated that every year 100,000 underage girls are forced or lured into the world of prostitution. Las Vegas is one city where minor sex trafficking is happening in large numbers. Children are being trafficked to Las Vegas from all over the United States. Interstates and expressways are making it easier for pimps to transport their victims across state lines. Truck drivers are recruited to drive minors to different states and deposit them to truck stops. CV rad ios become a very useful tool for truck drivers and sex workers to find each other. Sex workers would announce that they are available by letting the drivers know what channel she is on. If a driver is interested, he would tell the prostitute where he is located and what color is house is. Truck stops are the perfect place for hidden crimes to happen because they are isolated and out of the public and law enforcement view. United States Department of State Report The major source, The U.S. Department of States annual Trafficking in Persons (TIP) annual report, is utilize to determine the trafficking efforts from various countries and to connect it to foreign assistance that performs in that region (Schuckman, p. 85). The report is arranged from Tier 1 to be most compliant to Tier 3 as noncompliant (McKinney, 2009): Tier 1: Countries that fully comply with the acts minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. Tier 2: Countries that do not fully comply with the minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance. Tier 2: Watch List: Countries on Tier 2 requiring special scrutiny because of high or significantly increasing number of victims; failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in persons; or an assessment as Tier 2 based on commitments to take action over the next year. Tier 3: Countries that neither satisfy the minimum standards nor demonstrate a significant effort to come into compliance. Countries in this tier are subject to potential non-humanitarian and non-trade sanctions. Italy According to U.S. Department TIP for June 2009, Italy has a Tier 1 status. However, Italy is one of many countries that traffickers harbor and transport women and children internationally for sexual exploitation. Women and children are trafficked for forced prostitution mainly from Nigeria, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, and Ukraine but also from Russia, South America, North and East Africa, the Middle East, China, and Uzbekistan (McKinney, 2009). According to the NGO statistics, there are two-thirds of the ninety percent of illegal foreign seasonal workers in Italy. This provides a larger opportunity for traffickers to prey on these victims. Moreover, these traffickers make it difficult for law enforcements to track the victims by constantly rotating these victims from various cities for a short period of a time. Even with the challenges, the Italian Government will continue to comply with the limited regulations to stop human trafficking. The Government of Italy is not showing mercy when traffickers are prosecuted and convicted. Italy abides by the 2003 Measures Against Trafficking in Persons law. This law provides the convicted a sentence of eight to twenty years of imprisonment, punishment equivalent to other grave offenses (US Senate Subcommittee, 2000). If the convicted was charged for trafficking for forced labor, then other laws will be used. Incomplete data for 2008 show the government investigated 2,221 individuals, arrested 316, prosecuted 480 trafficking suspects, and convicted 225 trafficking offenders, compared to 163 convicted for the same time frame in 2007 (US Senate Subcommittee, 2000). According to NGO ECPAT, roughly 80,000 Italian men travel to Kenya, Thailand, Brazil, Latin America, and the Czech Republic for sex tourism annually. In May 2008, an Italian male committed an offense both Thailand and Cambodia for child sex tourism. The Government sentenced him a total of fourteen years of imprisonment. The Italian Government not only offers punishment, but also protection for the victims. According to Article 18, anit-trafficking law allows authorities to grant residence permits and provide protection and job training services to victims of trafficking. Also, Article 13 provides for six months assistance to victims. With these assistance provided, these victims will have some hope for independence and begin a new life. Another benefit provided for victims is that they are not generally penalized if they file complaints against their traffickers. This will assist in more prosecutions and encourages victims to become proactive. Russia According to the U.S. State Department TIP June 2009 report, Russian ranks Tier 2-watch list. This is alarming. According to Schuckman, the activists that work for human rights, international, and humanitarian organizations, argue that countries that are technically in Tier 3 are granted a higher Tier 2-watch list as a diplomatic gesture. Nevertheless, Russia continues to be an origin as a transit and destination country for

The Ute Indians :: essays research papers

The Ute Indians The Ute Indians were a group of Indians that lived mostly around the mountainous area of Utah and Colorado near the Colorado River. But they sometimes lived in dessert areas also. The word Ute comes from the word eutaw or yuta which means dwellers on the top of mountains. Although it is not certain where they originated but it is assumed that they arrived to the Colorado and Utah area around 1000 A.D. The Ute Indians spoke a part of the Uto-Aztecan language called Numic. The Utes were divided into bands or a subdivision of a tribe. There were at one time eleven different bands of Ute Indians. The type of housing in each band depended on the material available. They lived in teepees, lodges, and domed shaped structures. The lodge shaped structure was the Ute's traditional mean of shelter. These home were temporary because the Utes moved every season to hunt. The dome shelters were built out of willow branches over a pole frame. They were eight feet high and fifteen feet in diameter. They usually built their homes on a river or stream valley and were scattered to take advantage of wood, shade and other resources. In the winter they moved into lower elevations for the milder weather there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children were very important in the Ute Indian tribe. Every member was responsible for caring and the education of the youth. Babies were held in cradle boards that were either made of willow branches bundled together or a solid piece of wood. Willow bark was often used as diapers. Babies were cared for by girls nine and up. The babies were delivered in a special shelter that was set aside for giving birth. During the birth the mother is usually assisted by another female tribe member. The husband was expected to help the wife by keeping her warm by bringing lots of firewood. The umbilical cord was cut off with a stone knife. When the remaining part fell off the mother always saved it in a special pouch that was attached to the babies cradle board. When the baby learned to walk the mother placed the umbilical cord on a red ant hill. They thought that would help the ants industrious ways to rub off. The children were given many names and nicknames in their life. These names were given to them during various occasions during their life, like when they were born and when they learned how to walk. The children were educated by watching and helping their elders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everything that the Ute needed could be found in their territory.

Eric Arthur Blair :: essays research papers

Eric Blair’s fictional name was George Orwell , born June 25,1903 in Motihari, India . At that time â€Å"India was part of the British Empire†(Orwell page 1 of 4). This was near the turn of the century, so not many people could afford to move to India with out the â€Å"British Empire†(Orwell pg. 1 of 4). Eric’s father Richard Blair was an agent of the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service.Blair’s Grandfather served in the Indian Army for sometime before Blair’s birth. His family was â€Å" not very wealthy [Blair] later described them as lower-upper-middle class†(Orwell pg.1of 4). In fact, they owned no property or held any investment what’s so ever. When Eric was about 8 his family moved back to England and moved to a town called Henley, although his father still worked in India. Being middle-class, going to school was tough; however, his parents sent him to a private school in Sussex at the tender age of 8. By the time he was 13 he had received a â€Å"scholarship to Wellington, and soon after another to Eaton, the famous public school†(Orwell pg.1 of 4). After being forced to be good in school, he was not interested in â€Å"anymore †¦ further mental exertion†(Orwell pg. 1 of 4). So he decided to go with his private ambition, to write. At the beginning he writes â€Å" At the age of five or six [he] knew that he would be-must be a writer†(Orwell pg1 of 4). He made up his mind fast unlike many other writers. However, to be a writer one has to read literature. However, at Eaton English Lit. was not a major subject, because â€Å"most boys [ that went to Eaton] came from backgrounds either irremediably unliterary or so literary that to teach them English Literature would be absurd†(Orwell pg.1 of 4). Although he wanted to become a writer he finished â€Å"138th of 167†(Orwell pg. 2 of 4). After this he decided to join the Indian imperial Police ; however, he later left after 5 years in service. This was distracting him from his main lifestyle, a writer and because â€Å" wished to escape from †¦every form of man’s dominion over man†(Orwell pg. 2 of 4). In London he settled down into a â€Å"grotty bedroom†(Orwell pg.2 of 4). And started to teach himself how to write. He was now twenty-four and â€Å"week after week he remained in his unheated bedroom†(Orwell pg. 2 of 4). It was so cold that he â€Å"[thawed] his hands over a candle when they became to numb to write†(Orwell pg. 2 of 4).

Blood Station

My eyes slid open, I saw that I was completely frozen head to toe. I wasn't the only one here though, there were hundreds, thousands, even millions! The only thing I could do was move my eyes, everything else was frozen solid. That was strange because I felt water trickling down my body. My hair felt loose. Slowly I unfroze more and more, until eventually I could move more freely. I gazed around only to find that I was trapped in a rather small tube. There were tubes piercing into my arms draining blood. One of my kind, a human, was walking past so I tried to act frozen again but it wasn't working, I knew this because he started rummaging in his pocket. He pulled out a key which was bland and boxlike. He approached my tube, shivers blazed down my spine; he enclosed the key closer to my tube. By this point in time my body had been freed and I was able to move around. The door made a clicking noise as he put the key into it; I presumed that the door was unlocked, so I kicked as hard and as fast as I could. The door flew open and knocked him flat against another row of tube running parallel to mine. I hopped out to take his keys and hide him in my tube. I noticed that I was naked, so I stripped him to his underwear and dressed up in his security uniform, I tossed him in to my tube. The key for my tube was still in the keyhole of my door, so fully clothed I locked the door to conceal him in my tube. Now I was safe I looked around, it was a blood station. The guard in my tank was kicking and screaming now. I noticed a dial and a tin screen on my tube. I turned the dial; the screen now read â€Å"0 gallons of water/ice† so I kept turning until it read â€Å"100†. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 it went higher and higher, 60, 70, 80, 90, max. So I then I pushed the green button. Water flooded into the tank and filled it top to bottom and froze suddenly. The tubes that must have slipped out of me I saw winding through the tube and slipping into his arms like syringes. I looked around again luckily it was an old factory and my tube was right next to one of the fire exits. I walked casually out of the door, there were no guards, and it must have been the one I locked in my tube. It was a desert outside, literally. Mountains of sand were getting blown around by the soft breeze. The sandy mountains were surrounded by three scruffy looking houses, apart from that there was nothing, just a big outstretch of desert. I knocked on one of the doors belong to which was attached to one of the houses. A panel slid open to reveal a pair of eyes squinting at me. â€Å"Alright officer† he grumbled â€Å"password please?† â€Å"What password?† I queried â€Å"I don't know of any password† â€Å"Last chance bub† he grunted at me. â€Å"But I haven't been told about any password† I came out with sounding like a child that had been caught misbehaving. The door swung open faster than the door I has kicked earlier. A big man came into focus, he had torn uniform and a goatee beard, and he was extremely buff. He grabbed me by the scruff of my neck and dragged me back in to the old factory. I cringed as the guard walked past my tank. He glanced at it as he walked past but he didn't stop. He walked on a bit then doubled back to get a closer look. â€Å"John?† he mumbled to himself. He hit the drain button and the tube slowly started to drain again. Once it has he unlocked the door and swung it open. John spat out â€Å"him! He put me in here, he's a donor!† The other guard turned round and gave me a funny look and ripped john's clothes clean off of me. He took john out the tank, john started to get dressed. The buff guard threw me in and I smacked my face off the backing of the tube, the door slammed shut. I felt water rushing in; it was at my neck now. I took my last breath and it all went dark.

Art Appreciation Essay

Art has been part of the human culture for thousands of years. It has facilitated the development of civilization for centuries. The history of the world would not be the same without the affluence of creativity and innovation. One particular period in art history that clearly manifested the artistry and ingenuity of many artists was the Baroque period. The art style practiced during this era was described as the â€Å"harmony spatial relationships, both real and illusionary, with spectacular visual effects† which were executed using technical brilliance. Most of the artworks produced during the Baroque period had â€Å"highly developed naturalistic illusionism, usually heightened by dramatic lighting effects, creating an unequaled sense of theatricality, energy, and movement of forms† (Heindroff, 2006). More so, this art movement flourished throughout Europe wherein several talented artists have emerged who had helped shaped the contemporary art style. Morover, at that time, one of the famous themes for the visual arts was landscape painting. It is in this field that Annibale Carracci, an Italian painter, Claude Lorrain, a French artist, and Jacob Van Ruisdael, a Dutch artisan, have all excelled. They have produced some of the most exquisite masterpieces such as the Landscape with Flight into Egypt (c. 1603) by Carracci, A Pastoral Landscape by Claude Lorrain (c. 1650) and View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen by Van Ruisdael (c. 1670). In Carracci’s Landscape with Flight into Egypt, he showcased the beautiful landscape of Rome with two human figures and a donkey at the foreground. This piece of art was commissioned by â€Å"Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini Pietro Aldobrandini for the family chapel in his palace in Rome, later known as Palazzo Doria Pamphilj†during the year 1603. More so, this painting was considered as the most notable input of Carracci in the veduta genre which was described as the precise and detailed depiction of urban cities and rural landscapes that that attracted the â€Å"sense of local pride of the wealthy Dutch middle class. † Carracci successfully established â€Å"a balanced, idyllic landscape beauty, with a perfect sentimental fusion of the holy characters, their stories and the landscape† (NationMaster. com, 2005). Furthermore, he was one of the pioneers to create a landscape painting wherein the figures were not the focal point but it was the landscape that took the spotlight. This style was later on followed by Carracci’s pupils such as â€Å"Domenichino and Lorraine. † Overall, â€Å"Carracci was remarkably eclectic in thematic, painting landcapes, genre scenes, and portraits, including a series of autoportraits across the ages† (Bookrags. com, 2006). Meanwhile in France, Claude Lorrain was also acclaimed for his landscape paintings. Lorrain was born in Lorraine, France but he actually grew up in Italy. By 1633, he was able to launch his name as one of the most leading landscapist and he was also commissioned by high-ranking officials of the Italian society such as the â€Å"popes, cardinals, ambassadors and kings† (Barewalls. com). In A Pastoral Landscape, Lorrain was commissioned by â€Å"Prince Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna. † Like Carraci’s painting, this one also had no distinguishable subject. The figures present where â€Å"sitting and the standing shepherds† accompanied by 3 women (Miller, 2007). The background is a scenic view of the city alongside the pastoral landscape of the rural area. Lorrain’s landscape paintings illustrated a â€Å"sharp contrasts of light and shades. † More so, it was believed that Poussin influenced him to highlight spatial composition in order to reach a â€Å"complete balance between masses of trees and of architecture. † By 1650, he was able to hone and enhance his creativity and art skills and these were manifested in the â€Å"classical balance of the composition which is subtly altered by soft light† (Barewalls. com). For Van Ruisdael, he was also a landscape artist who studied painting in Germany but lived in Amsterdam. Van Ruisdael was able to establish his own studio where he trained several talented artists. His â€Å"dramatic, naturalistic rendering of landscapes and his emotional use of color support his reputation as the principal Dutch landscape painter in the second half of the 1600s. † Additionally, he mastered the use of proportional compositions, meticulous draftsmanship, and thick impasto which were all evident in the â€Å"View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen (Getty Museum, 2008). This landscape painting showed the panoramic view of Haarlem, Van Ruisdael’s hometown. The red roofs of the houses and the clouds in the sky were the main visual elements in the painting. These three paintings showcased the different approaches of three artists from three different countries during the flamboyant period of Baroque. Annibale Carracci, Claude Lorrain, and Jacob Van Ruisdael gave a new meaning to the word landscape painting wherein they transcended reality in a two-dimensional canvases infused with their own respective personalities and techniques. References Barewalls. com. (n. d. ). Claude Lorrain. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. dropbears. com/a/art/biography/Claude_Lorrain. html Bookrags. com. (2006). Annibale Carracci. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. bookrags. com/wiki/Annibale_Carracci Getty Museum. (2008). Jacob van Ruisdael. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www.getty. edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails? maker=517 Heindroff, A. M. (2006, July 24). Baroque Art. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://arthistory. heindorffhus. dk/frame-Style10-Baroque. htm Miller, M. (2007, February 16). Claude Lorrain Landscape Drawings from the British Museum at the Clark. Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. berkshirefinearts. com/? page=article&article_id=218&catID=3 NationMaster. com. (2005). The Flight into Egypt (Annibale Carracci). Retrieved December 6, 2008, from http://www. nationmaster. com/encyclopedia/The-Flight-into-Egypt- (Annibale-Carracci)

International Relations: Philippines and China on the Spratly Islands Issue Essay

For decades, the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, now called as the Philippine Western Sea in the Philippines, has long been debated by its claimants: Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, and the Philippines (Baker, 2004). Among all these states, the most active and significant actors are the Republic of the Philippines and the People’s Republic of China. There are several reasons for the dispute: (1) the presence of natural gas and oil in some parts of the territories, (2) potential profit for commercial fishing1, (3) potential profit for commercial shipping2, and (4) extension of continental shelf claims – expansion of territory and a boost in the country’s sovereignty3 (Joyner, n.d.). The Spratly’s issue has always been crucial since it directly affects the different state’s national interests on profit and security. For one, the Philippines and China have each asserted their power on claiming the islands by installing their own flags over their claimed areas. The Philippines, following the United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas’ – which empowers the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea – laws on the 200 nautical miles zone, claimed a number of Spratly islands since these islands are within the 200nm distance from Palawan. On the other hand, China claimed most of the Spratly Islands, using historical background as its basis (BBC, 2013). Also, both countries resorted to upgrading their military capabilities in the sense that they both deploy ships to take turns on guarding their claimed areas. These actions caused to increase the tensions and strains in the two countries’ relationship (Encomienda, 2011). Both the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea are under the United Nation’s efforts of bringing peace and unity among different nations or countries (ITLOS, 2013). Acknowledging the principles introduced by the United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas4, both China and the Philippines have participated in ratifying it. However, both also have chosen not to follow the UNCLOS’ guide on settling boundary disputes closely (Yeneza, 2012). Even with the efforts of the Philippines on taking the conflict to the ITLOS and the ICJ and promote diplomacy, it has still been forced to resort to upgrading its military capacity in order to increase security over their claimed areas and to respond to China’s actions on asserting their claim over the Spratly’s. With this, it can be concluded that the international organizations involved as mediators to the issue are insufficient. The guide presented by the UNCLOS is too limited for the varying arguments that both the Philippines and China present in order to fully claim the Spratly Islands. However, these institutions should not be blamed fully for the failure of the conflict resolution. The governments of China and the Philippines have a big role in the conflict; none of the states wants to either compromise or interpret the UNCLOS in the same way (Jinming and Dexia, 2003). These international issues can be better comprehended by the realist theoretical framework. Realism denotes that the state aims to achieve national interest through acquiring more power; it gives more priority to the national interest rather than its ideology. If its national interest could not be gained because of other states, it has the right to go against them in order to assert its power and achieve its national interest (Morgenthau, 2006). Thomas Hobbes (1651), an author on realism, discussed that realism has three core assumptions: (1) the equality of men or states, (2) the interaction of states in anarchy, and (3) the actions taken by the different states are motivated by competition, hesitancy, and progress. In the case of the Philippines and China on the Spratly’s issue, the first assumption of Hobbes can be applied in the sense that neither China nor the Philippines will contend the islands in the basis of which state is more developed or has more alliances. For this territorial issue, using the state’s development or its capacity to enhance its development through the acquisition of the islands does not guarantee the resolution of the issue. China and the Philippines both have equal footing on their claims on the islands (Joyner, n.d.) On the second assumption, Hobbes mentioned of interaction among states. China and the Philippines have their own governments, however, in the Spratly Islands, there are mediators: the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. These mediators, as much as they try to pacify the conflicts, were not able to control the conflict; since, states are free of doing what they please to do to assert their power and sovereignty – thus, serving their own national interests (Furtado, 1991). For once, one of the proposed resolutions of China to resolve the conflict – to have the governments of each state deal with the conflict directly instead of having mediators – seem more compatible with the issue. Lastly, it is innate for states to compete with each other to get to the top. Even though every state wants to have good relations with others, one cannot deny even a hint of competition. Being critical and cautious, these states will not go against randomly; they will be vigilant enough to choose who to compete with. Succeeding in the particular competition, the state achieves progress (Hobbes, 1651). In the case of China and the Philippines, one of the main reasons for the fight over the Spratly Islands is profit. Aside from the presence of natural gas and oil, the islands are a good spot for commercial fishing and commercial shipping. Hence, investing in this area can give high returns of investment to the country who owns it. Plus, the prestige of being the first East Asian country to possess oil boosts its international image, let alone lessens its relying on the Middle East for oil and natural gas supply (Yeneza, 2012). Hans J. Morgenthau (2006) and his six principles on political realism can also be related to the case of the Philippines and China on the Spratly’s issue. First of all, the society is ruled by laws that are created based on the nature of man. The UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas) was created to solve and/or prevent conflicts such as the Spratly Islands issue. Therefore, it can be considered that the UNCLOS itself can be the solution to the problem only if that law was considered. However, even though such law – that brought about the existence of the UNCLOS – is implemented and expected to serve for the benefit of men, the men involved in the conflict, or the states rather, chose not to adhere with the UNCLOS (Yeneza, 2012). Secondly, realism is directed towards the use of power5. The Philippines and China demonstrated their power as they both valiantly expressed their claims on the disputed areas and how much they spent for them. As China asserted its claim on the Spratly Islands, the Philippines resorted to securing the areas it claimed (Encomienda, 2011). The third principle, according to Morgenthau (2006), power is not fixed. In the case of the Philippines and China, they controlled each other’s exercise of power on the claimed areas as they both measure and depend on each others’ actions in order to formulate and plan what to do next (Yeneza, 2012). The fourth principle of realism is related to the moral importance of the actions done by the two states – Philippines and China. At times, morality and success do not go together; some states tend to go down the path of impiety in order to achieve its national interests. In realism, states are innate of being mindful of the actions they are about to execute because of other factors that can be affected by its desired course of action. Thus, the Philippines and China can opt to wage war in order to acquire the disputed territories. Conversely, both countries have chosen the path of diplomacy rather than war, knowing full well that morally speaking, waging a war is not right since many civilians will be affected, as well as the fact that the costs brought by the war exceed the benefits that they will acquire from the Spratly Islands. Then, another principle Morgenthau (2006) explained is that states fail to recognize moral aspirations in relation to the moral laws that rule the universe. The state is self-centered; it only sees its own reasons and interests as the valid ones. Being self-centered, it does not give importance to the reasons and interests of other states. If only states can understand and compromise for others’ interests, the Spratly’s issue would have been solved decades ago. As each country present their claims on the areas, it is clear that no one wants to give up (Yeneza, 2012). Lastly, the sixth principle is that political realism is different with other schools of thought that states may adopt (Morgenthau, 2006). The conflict of China and the Philippines on the Spratly’s are grounded for the pursuant of their national interests (Yenez, 2012). Aside from the profit the Spratly’s may offer, another reason it is being fought over is that it affects the matters of security to both countries. Both the Philippines and China believe that in order to pursue security, they must secure their territories; thus, they each lay claim on the Spratly’s (De Castro, 2011). In summary, China and the Philippines have both resorted to upgrading their military capabilities in order to enhance security over their claimed areas. Through the years, China spent so much on military expenditure whereas the Philippines created more military capability programs. In the realist approach, as long as China and the Philippines hold on to their own claims on the Spratly’s, neither the International Court of Justice nor the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea will be able to calmly resolve the conflict between the two countries. With the Philippines maintaining a good relationship with the other ASEAN members, it garnered the support of other Southeast Asian countries in laying claim to the Spratly’s; thus, giving it more strength on its hold on the islands (Yeneza, 2012). Unless one of them give up on its claim, the conflict will not be resolved easily and without causing further strains among the countries’ relationship (Morgenthau, 2006). There are two possible solutions that can be taken to resolve the conflict: (1) share the claimed areas, whenever it is feasible, and (2) undergo a diversion process. For the first solution to work, the Philippines and China must be allowed to gather the resources and share them equally – e.g. fish and seafood, oil, natural gas, sites for commercial shipping. Bilateral talks should always be done; therefore, the countries must interact directly rather than use a mediator and then promote diplomacy. The second one will be that rather than focusing on the conflict itself, both the Philippines and China should focus on repairing and enhancing their diplomatic ties and cooperation. They may opt to engage in mutually beneficial bilateral agreements and allow their relationship to pacify or stabilize (Yeneza, 2012). In the realist approach, it can be seen that the different international institutions have delayed the resolution of the Spratly’s issue rather than fixing it quickly. The issue requires the states to interact and discuss the matter directly, rather than using a mediator, in which the clauses provided in the guidelines for settling territorial disputes are too limited and can be interpreted in varying ways depending on the ideology adopted by a certain state. REFERENCES: Baker, C. 2004. China-Philippine relations: cautious cooperation. Pacific Center for Security Studies. October 5, 2013. Accessed from: http://apcss.org BBC. 2013. Q&A: South China sea dispute. October 5, 2013. Accessed from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349 De Castro, R.C. 2011. Maritime security Asia. October 5, 2013. Accessed from: http://maritimesecurity.asia Encomienda, A.A. 2011. The south China sea: Back to the future through cooperation. October 6, 2013. Accessed from: http://www.southchinaseastudies.org Furtado, X.1991. International Law and the Dispute over the Spratly Islands:Whither UNCLOS? October 5, 2013. Accessed from: http://www.findarticles.com Jinming, L. and Dexia, L. 2003. The dotted line on the Chinese map of the south China sea: A note. October 4, 2013. Accessed from: https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/6494 Joyner, C.C. n.d. The Spratly Islands dispute in the south China sea: Problems, policies and prospects for diplomatic accommodation. South China Sea Virtual Library. October 4, 2013. Accessed from: http://www.southchinasea.org Morgentau, H.J. 2006. Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. 7th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Yeneza, Christine. 2012. The spratly’s conflict: Foreign policy implications to the people’s republic of china and the republic of the Philippines. Cebu City, Philippines: University of San-Jose Recolectos