Structure and Aerodynamics of SAAB 340 Series Aircraft

complex body part and Aerodynamics of SAAB 340 Series channelcraftThe follo cowcatcher report leave contain study on the SAAB 340 series miencraft in regards to its structure, aerodynamics, landulsion, operation and unhazardousty throughout its tarradiddle (1970s-2017)IntroductionThe SAAB 340 is a vicinityal aircraft series radiation patterned by the Swedish aero place manufactures with the desire to explore commercialized airliners with 30-40 passengers in the 1970s, origin each(prenominal)y prognosticated the SAAB 340A. The planing machine was selected to triumph with GE turboprop railway locomotives due to their inherent send away economy comp bed to a turbofan or turbojet railway locomotives. The SAAB 340B was the counterbalance development of the SAAB 340A, the newer aircraft had much than goodish engines, a colossalr tail plane and the crafts cuckold and take-off weight where increased. The SAAB 340s ceased production in 1998 with lack of interest from a irliners and hence profits reduced. The SAAB 340 has many renditions the more or less(prenominal) common being the 340A, 340B, 340B plus including carbo, corporate and commercial interior designs.Of broadside is that originally SAAB AB and Fairchild (an Ameri potbelly company) co designed the 340, having the original name of the SF340, Fairchild designed wings, wing mount nacelles and empennage.The SAAB 340 can be defined as a monoplane with a tractor engine setup. It has a tricycle wheel layout and a conventional tail. The wings are dihedral, low mount, tapered and cantilevered from the f calllage with a private fit out. both(prenominal) of these are advertize investigated below.It would also be of none to cite the SAAB 340B (most common variant of SAAB 340s) has seating typically for 34 passengers where their weight with baggage is 214lbs, a fact sheet with the aircraft data and statistics will be connect in the appendix.Structure and ConstructionThe SAAB 340 uses common and unusual geomorphologic components during its 40+ year receipts, some of the features which has characterised the aircraft is its single spar wing design, cable uphold tail plane and a surface bonded skin. These structural components use by SAAB AB to maintain the range of their aircraft whilst also increasing range and payload.The SAAB 340 uses a single spar wing which inserted behind the leading edge which allows for the complexity of the wing to be reduced compared to a multi spar wing. This is beneficial in the construction of a regional aircraft due to the reduced in appeal in regards to the difficulty in which it is to design and then build a multi spar wing. The single spar also allows for more free put in the wing interrupted only by the ribs which are designed to keep holes in them to reduce weight and allow for usable dummy (fuel and control surface actuators) in the aircraft, see figure 3 in the appendix. The single spar in the tapered wing also allows for a sl ender trailing edge of the aerofoil which can be further explored in the aerodynamical section of this report.The SAAB 340 uses a unique feature for a commercial airliner to use, a cable was installed from the overhaul of the empennage to a nonher, the unique design will be further explored below however the cable installed on the 340A is a unique structural component using the cables tension to give the wing added structural rigidity. The newer 340B and B plus dont prepare the cable installed, which may be due to lighter and stronger longerons or ribs or better engineered surfaces like metal bonding which is used to cover over 40% of the aircrafts external surfaces.The use of metal bonding in its surface skin reduces weight and increases the structural integrity of the aircraft. This increased rigidity in the surface allows for the aircraft to be designed with less internal bracing and material weight. By incorporating the structural benefits of an aluminium bonded skin into the aeroplane, SAAB AB and the Engineers can best maximise the range, interior space and payload.The SAAB 340 is made up of common modern aircraft parts and features, the fuselage and wings are made from aluminium ribs, spars, longerons and stringers which although not unique take advantage of the lighting of aluminium and its structural strength compared to a point 3% blow steel or an expensive composite equivalent. The SAAB AB engineers therefore had to demand the most of cheaper but most effective materials to keep costs lows for consumers of the regional aircraft but still have a light and fuel cost-effective aeroplane to make regional distance with 30-40 passengers as per the original design specifications.The structural aspects of the aircraft are important in making the SAAB 340 maximise its space and payload, the engineers therefore had to combine techniques like tension in cables and respectablely designed wings which will minimise weight but still combine with complex fluid flow around the fuselage and aerofoils as well as can be keep passengers safe and comfortable.AerodynamicsThe SAAB 340, like all modern aircraft, is designed to minimise cross whilst maximising lift. The SAAB AB aircraft uses intelligent and mandatory aerodynamics and aerodynamical systems on their aircraft a unique tail plane, parabolic nose and fuselage shape and the wings shaping plus engine integration.The SAAB 340 has a conventional empennage, where the vertical stabilizer has two parts, highlighted in figure 4 of the appendix. SAAB AB has incorporated this design in the 340 and their 2000 series aircraft. The two stages in the vertical stabiliser helps to create a more stable and aerodynamic laminar flow structure around the stabiliser and hence allows for the rudder to be more effective in controlling the airflow around it.The SAAB 340 has a typical airliner style parabolic nose cone which leads into a straight person circular fuselage (minus the V shape wing mount n acelles on the lav of the aircraft, shown on figure 6). The parabolic nose cone is highly efficacious in having the air flow move around the aircraft without inducing large quantities if air resistance and get behind. further SAAB AB have slimmed the rear of the plane into a point, typical of modern airliners in an effort to have the air flow coming off the aircraft in a low drag streamlined structure.The SAAB 340 uses a tapered, cantilevered, dihedral wing (as mentioned above) and has an equally cantilevered dihedral horizontal stabiliser twain of which have aerodynamic features of no winglets, small cross sectional spinning top as well as the wings having been structured with the engine. The lack there of winglets on the SAAB 340 highlights how the engineers have been able to reduce the mixing of air from the top and bottom of the aerofoil. The usual effect of winglets will create a barrier, not allowing for the high and low speed air flow to create drag and vortexes. SAAB AB have been able to sculpt their aerofoils so that the need for a winglet has been reduced, a technique used by Boeing, on the 747 for example.The SAAB 340 has also integrated their GE turboprop engines into the wing design. This is seen in figure 6 of the record particularly in the front view, where the engine has been slotted into the wing and has allowed for the turboprop to be elegantly and aerodynamically efficiently positioned to reduce the drag which can occur from having an engine hang off the wing.This fitted setup also gives the operational functionality of the aircraft as the retractable undercarriage is also integrated into the engine area. This innovative solution for SAAB AB engineers has allowed for the aircraft to have a retractable undercarriage but keep stability on a runway, giving the SAAB 340 aerodynamically efficient charge and hence fuel efficient flight too.The SAAB 340B+ differs from the 340B due to its extended wingtips which allows for it to be more aer odynamically efficient in more humid environments and to be able to take off on shorter runways, this variance in wing design of the different models gives the aircraft additional enhancements is rural and regional areas where the flying environment isnt ideal.PropulsionThe SAAB 340 uses GE turboprop engines with a 4-propeller prop from Dowty Rotol or Hamilton Sundstrand, differences in noise given in figure 5 of the appendix. The SAAB 340B uses the GE CT7-9B, pictured in figure 6 of the appendix, which has an 1870 shp rating 5. blue stain 8 a cutaway of the CT7-9B turboprop 6The turboprop engine used by the 340 is highly efficient engine with high range for its size. The engine can fly a maximum 470nm with a maximum primitive weight in excess of 29000lb (take off) on under 6000lb of fuel. The two engines can thrust the SAAB 340B and B Plus at 283 knots at an altitude of 25000 feet. Further information on range and payload is in figure 9 of the appendix.The SAAB 340 has used diffe rent engines over the years, originally running CT7-5A2 turboprops the change to a CT7-9B led to an increase in the SHP of the engines, more power, and an increase in fuel efficiency.More so, it is of current note that the SAAB 340B has had juvenile engine and propeller failures with REX region airlines in Australia. The failure of a Turboprop engine on the twenty-third of inch 2017 and a propeller falling off mid-flight on the seventeenth of march 2017. However due to intelligent engineering on behalf of SAAB AB the two planes could fly on one of the turboprops and make a safe emergency come. Thus, highlighting both the aerodynamic design quality of the aircraft and how the GE CT7-9B engine can still power the aircraft with only half obtainable thrust.Operation RequirementsThe SAAB 340 requires a runway, crew and a form of refuelling at terminal figure/departure. Due to the SAAB 340s design the aircraft has been deliberately constructed with regional and rural travel in mind w here infrastructure is low and staple fiber hence the 340 has built in facilities such as stairs and extra additions for the craft to cope and earn in weather of the extremes and on runways made of gravel and dirt.The SAAB 340B has extras such as the gravel pack and longer wingtips which allow for it to operate in humidity and heat without larger runways or advanced asphalt airports 8.The SAAB 340B requires, at SL with best flaps and at ISA, a runway of 4220ft (1.3km) however at less optimum environments the runway needed can be 6690ft (2.02km).The SAAB 340 does require 2 pilots and one flight attendant can be also apart of the crew. Die to the small seating numbers the SAAB 340 doesnt have room for more than one attendant. The floor plan is shown below highlighting where the crew is stationed on a typical 340 layout.Figure 10 SAAB 340 layout as intended by SAAB AB 4Safety RecordThe SAAB 340 has a rather good casualty record with only quartet flights ending in fatalities, how ever this is considered four times to many. The below table makes note of the four fatal incidents of the SAAB 340 9 inglorious IncidentsYearAirline and FlightFatalitiesReason1994KLM city hopper 4333The Engine Stalled and the Aircraft struck the ground, the Aircraft broke upon impact1998Formosa Airlines13The Aircraft has electrical faults and the confederacy was disorientated, the plane crashed in the ocean2000Crossair 49810The Aircraft banked to steep causing a spiral dive and resulted in the aircraft crashing2011SOL Lneas Areas 542822The Aircraft whilst flying at FL179 began to pick up ice accretion and by the time the plane descended to FL140 the ice was to server causing the crashThe SAAB 340 has had luckyly operated for many years with only few fatal accidents which is a will to the engineering behind the aeroplane however aircraft isnt without incident. Most recently Australian regional aircraft carriers Rex regional airlines has had two engine issues. Firstly, on the 17th of march 2017 the propeller fell off the turboprop engine, followed by the 23rd where the engine on the starboard side came up with warnings causing it to land.These two recent examples showcase how even in extreme circumstances where 50% of the planes engines have been rendered useless the pilots can fly the regional airliner safely to an airport to land. Some other notable instances of the SAAB 340B having mid-air issues include a recent Western Air plane crash at Grand Bahama International Airport where by-line take off the plane experienced issues with its undercarriage and was forced into an emergency landing where the undercarriage then gave way, the intelligent design of fuselage floor and turboprop-wing integration allowed for the plane to discover without causing any major injuries to the passengers 11.ConclusionThe SAAB 340 series was designed in the 1970s as a cost effective and effect aircraft for SAAB AB to explore commercial aviation, this venture led to one of the m ost successful regional airliners with more units being sold than any other during its 40-year service history. The structural, aerodynamic and propulsion features although common place in aviation present the design of the 340 as a simple and effective flyer.The 340 series has basic crew and infer structure requirements however this has allowed for it to fly from city to city and onto the county without changing the undercarriage. Coupled with it relative susses in terms of safety the SAAB 340 is a proven reliable aircraft.AppendixFigure 3 of SAAB 340B, note the ribs and spar in the wing 3Certified Noise LevelsDowty RotolHamilton SundstrandFly-Over78.478.2Side-line85.986.2Approach91.890.1Figure 5 giving the noise differences between the two propeller companies 4 cargoslbsFlight soap Take off-key29000Max Cruise Speed283 ktMax landing place28500Max Operating Altitude25000 ftMax Zero burn down26500Operational Empty19000Max freight7500Max Fuel5690 champaign Performance sea LevelISA ISA+10CISA+20CTake Off Weight (lb)290002900029000Take Off Distance (ft)4220446046805000 ft above MSLISAISA+10CISA+20CTake Off Weight (lb)290002900028180Take Off Distance (ft)524562156690Sector PerformanceSea Level100nm200nm300nm400nm500nmTake of Weight (lb)2799538400287502900029000 pile Fuel (lb)6101000133016301920Block Time (min)345679103129Passengers with Baggage34343434335000 ft above MSL100nm200nm300nm400nm500nmTake of Weight (lb)2792028180281802818028180Block Fuel (lb)595975129515801865Block Time (min)335577101126Passengers with Baggage3434323130SpecificationsPayload jogLong Range CruiseLong Range CruiseLength64 ft 9 in34 Passengers445nm470nmHeight22 ft 11 inMaximum Payload370nm400nmWing Span70 ft 4 in propeller ground clearence1 ft 8 inEngine committal Door (HxW)51 in x 53 inSHP at Sea Level1870Sill Height, Passenger Door5ft 4 inSill Height, burden Door5 ft 6 inBelow is the SAAB 340B incident sheet, Figure 11 4References1 https//www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140925164339-2869463 02-saab-340b-aircraft-for-sale, first gear accessed on 25/03/20172 http//www.flightglobalimages.com/saab-340-cutaway-drawing/print/1569691.html, first accessed on 25/03/20173 http//www.avrosys.nu/aircraft/Transport/282tp100/282Tp100-2.htm, first accessed on 25/03/20174 SAAB 340B/340B Plus document from SAAB AB5 https//www.geaviation.com/commercial/engines/ct7-engine, first accessed on 25/03/20176 https//au.pinterest.com/pin/387802217889058690/, first accessed on 25/03/20177 https//www.google.com.au/url?sa=irct=jq=esrc=ssource=imagescd=ved=0ahUKEwihxNHz1fDSAhUIS7wKHTEUBywQjxwIAwurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircraftcovers.com%2Fgeneral-aviation-models%2Fsaab%2F340bvm=bv.150729734,d.dGopsig=AFQjCNHhr5FhS2aG-2oP9r3t8c9LGrvSmQust=1490497467273858, first accessed on 25/03/20178 https//corporate-air.com.au/aircraft-charter/aircraft-types/saab-340/, first accessed on 25/03/20179 https//aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?sorteer=casualties,datekeykind=%cat=%page=1field=typecodevar=410%, first accessed on 26/03/201710 https//twitter.com/ABCemergency, first accessed on 26/03/201711 http//www.tribune242.com/news/2017/feb/07/western-air-plane-crash-lands-grand-bahama-interna/, first accessed on 26/03/2017Other sources of information used but not specifically referenced12 Aerodynamic and Flight Dynamic Simulations of Aileron Characteristics, by Erkki Soinne incision of Aeronautics Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden13 http//www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/saab-340/347, first accessed on 25/03/201714 http//saab.com/civil-aerospace/Regional-aircraft/regional-aircraft/Saab-340B/, first accessed on 25/03/201715 http//saab.com/civil-aerospace/aircraft-support-solutions/solutions-and-services-for-other-aircraft-types/technical-information-services/, first accessed on 25/03/201716 https//www.planespotters.net/airframe/Saab/340/185/F-GPKG-Crossair-Europe, first accessed on 25/03/201717 http//solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_EU/AerospaceSolutions/Home/Applicat ions/StructuralBondingAircraftComponents/, first accessed on 25/03/201718 https//community.infinite-flight.com/t/saab-340a/70306/11, first accessed on 25/03/201719 http//www.airliners.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=212045, first accessed on 25/03/201720 SAAB Regional Aircraft, Supporting Your Future cusp from SAAB AB websitePART TWO aircraft data and graphsManufacturerAircraftMTOWmax rangeno. passref no.AirbusA300-60037590040502661A31036160043502202A31814990031001073A319NEO16640042001244A32017200033001505A32120610032001856A330-20052910072502477A330-30052910063502778A330-800NEO53350075002579A330-900NEO533510655028710A340-200606300670026111A340-300609600730027712A340-500837800900029313A340-600837800780032614A350-800546700820028015A350-900617300810032516A350-1000681000795036617A3801272000820054418Boeing707-120248000260718119717-200110000144010620727-100170000270313121737-700154500440014922737-800172500400018923737-900187679320021524747-8987000800041025757-200255000391022826